brute-force/subsets
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2023-12-01
Subsets
描述
Given a set of distinct integers, S
, return all possible subsets.
Note:
- Elements in a subset must be in non-descending order.
- The solution set must not contain duplicate subsets.
For example, If S = [1,2,3]
, a solution is:
[
[3],
[1],
[2],
[1,2,3],
[1,3],
[2,3],
[1,2],
[]
]
递归
增量构造法
每个元素,都有两种选择,选或者不选。
// Subsets
// 增量构造法,深搜,时间复杂度O(2^n),空间复杂度O(n)
public class Solution {
public List<List<Integer>> subsets(int[] nums) {
Arrays.sort(nums); // 输出要求有序
List<List<Integer>> result = new ArrayList<>();
List<Integer> path = new ArrayList<>();
subsets(nums, path, 0, result);
return result;
}
private static void subsets(int[] nums, List<Integer> path, int step,
List<List<Integer>> result) {
if (step == nums.length) {
result.add(new ArrayList<Integer>(path));
return;
}
// 不选nums[step]
subsets(nums, path, step + 1, result);
// 选nums[step]
path.add(nums[step]);
subsets(nums, path, step + 1, result);
path.remove(path.size() - 1);
}
}
// Subsets
// 增量构造法,深搜,时间复杂度O(2^n),空间复杂度O(n)
class Solution {
public:
vector<vector<int> > subsets(vector<int> &S) {
sort(S.begin(), S.end()); // 输出要求有序
vector<vector<int> > result;
vector<int> path;
subsets(S, path, 0, result);
return result;
}
private:
static void subsets(const vector<int> &S, vector<int> &path, int step,
vector<vector<int> > &result) {
if (step == S.size()) {
result.push_back(path);
return;
}
// 不选S[step]
subsets(S, path, step + 1, result);
// 选S[step]
path.push_back(S[step]);
subsets(S, path, step + 1, result);
path.pop_back();
}
};
位向量法
开一个位向量bool selected[n]
,每个元素可以选或者不选。
// Subsets
// 位向量法,深搜,时间复杂度O(2^n),空间复杂度O(n)
public class Solution {
public List<List<Integer>> subsets(int[] nums) {
Arrays.sort(nums); // 输出要求有序
List<List<Integer>> result = new ArrayList<>();
boolean[] selected = new boolean[nums.length];
subsets(nums, selected, 0, result);
return result;
}
private static void subsets(int[] nums, boolean[] selected, int step,
List<List<Integer>> result) {
if (step == nums.length) {
ArrayList<Integer> subset = new ArrayList<>();
for (int i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) {
if (selected[i]) subset.add(nums[i]);
}
result.add(subset);
return;
}
// 不选S[step]
selected[step] = false;
subsets(nums, selected, step + 1, result);
// 选S[step]
selected[step] = true;
subsets(nums, selected, step + 1, result);
}
}
// Subsets
// 位向量法,深搜,时间复杂度O(2^n),空间复杂度O(n)
class Solution {
public:
vector<vector<int> > subsets(vector<int> &S) {
sort(S.begin(), S.end()); // 输出要求有序
vector<vector<int> > result;
vector<bool> selected(S.size(), false);
subsets(S, selected, 0, result);
return result;
}
private:
static void subsets(const vector<int> &S, vector<bool> &selected, int step,
vector<vector<int> > &result) {
if (step == S.size()) {
vector<int> subset;
for (int i = 0; i < S.size(); i++) {
if (selected[i]) subset.push_back(S[i]);
}
result.push_back(subset);
return;
}
// 不选S[step]
selected[step] = false;
subsets(S, selected, step + 1, result);
// 选S[step]
selected[step] = true;
subsets(S, selected, step + 1, result);
}
};
迭代
增量构造法
// Subsets
// 迭代版,时间复杂度O(2^n),空间复杂度O(1)
public class Solution {
public List<List<Integer>> subsets(int[] nums) {
Arrays.sort(nums); // 输出要求有序
List<List<Integer>> result = new ArrayList<>();
result.add(new ArrayList<>()); // empty subset
for (int elem : nums) {
final int n = result.size();
for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) { // copy itself
result.add(new ArrayList<>(result.get(i)));
}
for (int i = n; i < result.size(); ++i) {
result.get(i).add(elem);
}
}
return result;
}
}
// Subsets
// 迭代版,时间复杂度O(2^n),空间复杂度O(1)
class Solution {
public:
vector<vector<int> > subsets(vector<int> &S) {
sort(S.begin(), S.end()); // 输出要求有序
vector<vector<int> > result(1);
for (auto elem : S) {
result.reserve(result.size() * 2);
auto half = result.begin() + result.size();
copy(result.begin(), half, back_inserter(result));
for_each(half, result.end(), [&elem](decltype(result[0]) &e){
e.push_back(elem);
});
}
return result;
}
};
二进制法
本方法的前提是:集合的元素不超过 int 位数。用一个 int 整数表示位向量,第i
位为 1,则表示选择S[i]
,为 0 则不选择。例如 S={A,B,C,D}
,则0110=6
表示子集 {B,C}
。
这种方法最巧妙。因为它不仅能生成子集,还能方便的表示集合的并、交、差等集合运算。设两个集合的位向量分别为$$B_1$$和$$B_2$$,则$$B_1\cup B_2, B_1 \cap B_2, B_1 \triangle B_2$$分别对应集合的并、交、对称差。
二进制法,也可以看做是位向量法,只不过更加优化。
// Subsets
// 二进制法,时间复杂度O(2^n),空间复杂度O(1)
public class Solution {
public List<List<Integer>> subsets(int[] nums) {
Arrays.sort(nums); // 输出要求有序
List<List<Integer>> result = new ArrayList<>();
final int n = nums.length;
ArrayList<Integer> v = new ArrayList<>();
for (int i = 0; i < 1 << n; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
if ((i & 1 << j) > 0) v.add(nums[j]);
}
result.add(new ArrayList<>(v));
v.clear();
}
return result;
}
}
// Subsets
// 二进制法,时间复杂度O(2^n),空间复杂度O(1)
class Solution {
public:
vector<vector<int> > subsets(vector<int> &S) {
sort(S.begin(), S.end()); // 输出要求有序
vector<vector<int> > result;
const size_t n = S.size();
vector<int> v;
for (size_t i = 0; i < 1 << n; i++) {
for (size_t j = 0; j < n; j++) {
if (i & 1 << j) v.push_back(S[j]);
}
result.push_back(v);
v.clear();
}
return result;
}
};