14.10 Invert Binary Tree
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2023-12-01
Question
- leetcode: Invert Binary Tree | LeetCode OJ
- lintcode: (175) Invert Binary Tree
Invert a binary tree.
Example
1 1
/ \ / \
2 3 => 3 2
/ \
4 4
Challenge
Do it in recursion is acceptable, can you do it without recursion?
题解1 - Recursive
二叉树的题用递归的思想求解自然是最容易的,此题要求为交换左右子节点,故递归交换之即可。具体实现可分返回值为空或者二叉树节点两种情况,返回值为节点的情况理解起来相对不那么直观一些。
C++ - return void
/**
* Definition of TreeNode:
* class TreeNode {
* public:
* int val;
* TreeNode *left, *right;
* TreeNode(int val) {
* this->val = val;
* this->left = this->right = NULL;
* }
* };
*/
class Solution {
public:
/**
* @param root: a TreeNode, the root of the binary tree
* @return: nothing
*/
void invertBinaryTree(TreeNode *root) {
if (root == NULL) return;
TreeNode *temp = root->left;
root->left = root->right;
root->right = temp;
invertBinaryTree(root->left);
invertBinaryTree(root->right);
}
};
C++ - return TreeNode *
/**
* Definition for a binary tree node.
* struct TreeNode {
* int val;
* TreeNode *left;
* TreeNode *right;
* TreeNode(int x) : val(x), left(NULL), right(NULL) {}
* };
*/
class Solution {
public:
TreeNode* invertTree(TreeNode* root) {
if (root == NULL) return NULL;
TreeNode *temp = root->left;
root->left = invertTree(root->right);
root->right = invertTree(temp);
return root;
}
};
源码分析
分三块实现,首先是节点为空的情况,然后使用临时变量交换左右节点,最后递归调用,递归调用的正确性可通过画图理解。
复杂度分析
每个节点遍历一次,时间复杂度为 $$O(n)$$, 使用了临时变量,空间复杂度为 $$O(1)$$.
题解2 - Iterative
递归的实现非常简单,那么非递归的如何实现呢?如果将递归改写成栈的实现,那么简单来讲就需要两个栈了,稍显复杂。其实仔细观察此题可发现使用 level-order 的遍历次序也可实现。即从根节点开始入队,交换左右节点,并将非空的左右子节点入队,从队列中取出节点,交换之,直至队列为空。
C++
/**
* Definition of TreeNode:
* class TreeNode {
* public:
* int val;
* TreeNode *left, *right;
* TreeNode(int val) {
* this->val = val;
* this->left = this->right = NULL;
* }
* };
*/
class Solution {
public:
/**
* @param root: a TreeNode, the root of the binary tree
* @return: nothing
*/
void invertBinaryTree(TreeNode *root) {
if (root == NULL) return;
queue<TreeNode*> q;
q.push(root);
while (!q.empty()) {
// pop out the front node
TreeNode *node = q.front();
q.pop();
// swap between left and right pointer
swap(node->left, node->right);
// push non-NULL node
if (node->left != NULL) q.push(node->left);
if (node->right != NULL) q.push(node->right);
}
}
};
源码分析
交换左右指针后需要判断子节点是否非空,仅入队非空子节点。
复杂度分析
遍历每一个节点,时间复杂度为 $$O(n)$$, 使用了队列,最多存储最下一层子节点数目,最多只有总节点数的一半,故最坏情况下 $$O(n)$$.