HTTPD

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2023-12-01

基本配置

安装

yum -y install httpd httpd-manual

配置

# vim /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
# grep ServerAdmin /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
ServerAdmin webmaster@example.com

创建默认网页

# echo 'Hello Class!' >> /var/www/html/index.html
# cat /var/www/html/index.html
Hello Class!

启动服务

# systemctl start httpd.service
# systemctl enable httpd.service

配置防火墙

# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=http
# firewall-cmd --reload

通过如下链接测试:

配置 VirtualHost

准备 DocumentRoot 目录及欢迎页面

# mkdir -p /srv/{default,lab.example.com}/www
# echo 'Hello World' >> /srv/default/www/index.html
# echo 'This is from lab.example.com' >> /srv/lab.example.com/www/index.html
# restorecon -Rv /srv/

创建 VirtualHost

# cat << EOF > /etc/httpd/conf.d/00-default-vhost.conf
<VirtualHost _default_:80>
  DocumentRoot /srv/default/www
  CustomLog "logs/default-vhost.log" combined
</VirtualHost>

<Directory /srv/default/www>
  Require all granted
</Directory>
EOF

创建 VirtualHost

# cat << EOF > /etc/httpd/conf.d/01-lab.example.com-vhost.conf
<VirtualHost *:80>
  ServerName lab.example.com
  ServerAlias www
  DocumentRoot /srv/lab.example.com/www
  CustomLog "logs/lab.example.com.log" combined
</VirtualHost>

<Directory /srv/lab.example.com/www>
  Require all granted
</Directory>
EOF

启动 httpd

# systemctl start httpd.service
# systemctl enable httpd.service

配置防火墙

# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=http
# firewall-cmd --reloa

测试

# hostname
test.example.com

# curl http://test.example.com
Hello World
# curl http://localhost
Hello World
# curl http://lab.example.com
This is from lab.example.com

配置 HTTPS

安装包

# yum -y install httpd mod_ssl
# yum install -y crypto-utils

生成 TLS 证书

# genkey test.example.com

创建测试目录及文件

# mkdir -p /srv/test.example.com/www
# echo 'test.example.com' >> /srv/test.example.com/www/index.html
# restorecon -Rv /srv/

查看证书文件路径

# ls -l /etc/pki/tls/certs/test.example.com.crt
-rw-r-----. 1 root root 1221 Apr 16 21:36 /etc/pki/tls/certs/test.example.com.crt
# chmod 0600 /etc/pki/tls/private/test.example.com.key
# ls -l /etc/pki/tls/private/test.example.com.key
-rw-------. 1 root root 1737 Apr 16 21:36 /etc/pki/tls/private/test.example.com.key

配置 SSL

# cat << EOF > /etc/httpd/conf.d/test.conf
<VirtualHost *:443>
  ServerName test.example.com
  SSLEngine On
  SSLProtocol all -SSLv2 -SSLv3
  SSLCipherSuite HIGH:MEDIUM:!aNull:!MD5
  SSLHonorCipherOrder on
  SSLCertificateFile /etc/pki/tls/certs/test.example.com.crt
  SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/pki/tls/private/test.example.com.key
  DocumentRoot /srv/test.example.com/www
</VirtualHost>

<Directory /srv/wwwX/www>
  Require all granted
</Directory>

<VirtualHost *:80>
ServerName test.example.com
  RewriteEngine on
  RewriteRule ^(/.*)$ https://%{HTTP_HOST}$1 [redirect=301]
</VirtualHost>
EOF

启动 httpd

# systemctl start httpd.service
# systemctl enable httpd.service

配置防火墙

# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=http --add-service=https
# firewall-cmd --reload

测试： http://test.example.com

场景练习

配置支持 TLS 的虚拟主机

本部分配置 TLS 加密的虚拟主机。

1 - 安装 httpd 和 mod_ssl 软件包

# yum install httpd mod_ssl -y

2 - 创建内容目录，同时标识内容和相应的 SELinux 上下文

# mkdir -p /srv/{www,webapp}0/www
# vim /srv/www0/www/index.html
# vim /srv/webapp0/www/index.html
# restorecon -Rv /srv/

3 - 将所有需要的证书和私钥下载到具有正确权限的正确位置

# cd /etc/pki/tls/certs
# wget http://classroom.example.com/pub/example-ca.crt
# wget http://classroom.example.com/pub/tls/certs/www0.crt
# wget http://classroom.example.com/pub/tls/certs/webapp0.crt

# cd /etc/pki/tls/private
# wget http://classroom.example.com/pub/tls/private/www0.key
# wget http://classroom.example.com/pub/tls/private/webapp0.key
# chmod 0600 w*0.key && ls -l w*0.key
-rw-------. 1 root root 912 Jul 22  2017 webapp0.key
-rw-------. 1 root root 912 Jul 22  2017 www0.key

4 - 创建虚拟主机 www0，创建 /etc/httpd/conf.d/www0.conf，添加如下内容

<VirtualHost *:443>
  ServerName www0.example.com
  SSLEngine On
  SSLProtocol all -SSLv2 -SSLv3
  SSLCipherSuite HIGH:MEDIUM:!aNull:!MD5
  SSLHonorCipherOrder on
  SSLCertificateFile /etc/pki/tls/certs/www0.crt
  SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/pki/tls/private/www0.key
  SSLCertificateChainFile /etc/pki/tls/certs/example-ca.crt
  DocumentRoot /srv/wwwX/www
</VirtualHost>

<Directory /srv/www0/www>
  Require all granted
</Directory>

<VirtualHost *:80>
  ServerName www0.example.com
  RewriteEngine on
  RewriteRule ^(/.*)$ https://%{HTTP_HOST}$1 [redirect=301]
</VirtualHost>

5 - 创建虚拟主机 webapp0，复制 www0 配置，然后将 www 替换为 webapp

# cp /etc/httpd/conf.d/{www,webapp}0.conf
# sed -i 's/www0/webapp0/g' /etc/httpd/conf.d/webapp0.conf

6 - 启动并启用 httpd.service，然后打开相关的防火墙端口

# systemctl start httpd && systemctl enable httpd
# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=http --add-service=https
# firewall-cmd --reload

访问测试

创建 php 动态应用

1 - 安装包

# yum install httpd mariadb-server php php-mysql -y

2 - 启动服务

# systemctl start httpd.service mariadb.service
# systemctl enable httpd.service mariadb.service

3 - 配置防火墙

# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=http
# firewall-cmd --reload

4 - Mysql 配置

CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS mtg;
CREATE USER 'test_user'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'test_pass';
GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON mtg.* TO 'test_user'@'localhost';
USE mtg;
CREATE TABLE Cards (
  CardID INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  NAME VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
  Cost VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (CardID)
);
INSERT INTO Cards VALUES(NULL, 'MoxMoxMox', '1');
INSERT INTO Cards VALUES(NULL, 'Blackest Lotus', '0');
INSERT INTO Cards VALUES(NULL, 'Gryll Bears', '2{G}{G}');
INSERT INTO Cards VALUES(NULL, 'Prodigal', '1{U}');

6 - 验证 Mysql 数据查询

# mysql -uroot mtg -e "SELECT * FROM Cards"
+--------+----------------+---------+
| CardID | NAME           | Cost    |
+--------+----------------+---------+
|      1 | MoxMoxMox      | 1       |
|      2 | Blackest Lotus | 0       |
|      3 | Gryll Bears    | 2{G}{G} |
|      4 | Prodigal       | 1{U}    |
+--------+----------------+---------+

7 - 创建 /var/www/html/index.php

<html>
  <head>
  </head>
  <body>
    <?php
      $servername = 'localhost';
      $username = 'test_user';
      $password = 'test_pass';
      $dbname = 'mtg';
      $conn = mysqli_connect($servername, $username, $password, $dbname);
      if (!$conn) {
        die("Connection failed: " . mysqli_connect_error());
      }
      echo '<div>Connected successfully</div>';
      $contents = mysqli_query($conn, 'SELECT * FROM Cards');
      while ($row = mysqli_fetch_array($contents)){
        echo $row['CardID'] . ' ' . $row['NAME'] . ': ' . $row['Cost'] . '<br />';
      }
    ?>
  </body>
</html>

使用 http://desktop0.example.com 访问，查看页面显示的数据

mysql php pages.png

提供 Apache HTTPD Web 服务

本部分将通过 HTTPS 来提供 Python WSGI Web 应用程序。

1 - 安装支持 httpd、TLS 和 WSGI 所需要的软件包

# yum install httpd mod_ssl mod_wsgi -y

2 - 在 server0 上的文件系统中创建一个适当位置以托管 Web 应用程序，然后将应用程序复制到其中

# mkdir -p /srv/webapp0/www
# cp /home/student/webapp.wsgi /srv/webapp0/www/
# restorecon -Rv /srv/webapp0/

3 - 下载您配置 TLS 所需要的所有证书和密钥

# cd /etc/pki/tls/certs && wget http://classroom.example.com/pub/example-ca.crt
# cd /etc/pki/tls/certs && wget http://classroom.example.com/pub/tls/certs/webapp0.crt
# cd /etc/pki/tls/private && wget http://classroom.example.com/pub/tls/private/webapp0.key && chmod 0600 webapp0.key && ls -l webapp0.key

4 - 创建包含以下内容的新文件 /etc/httpd/conf.d/webapp0.conf

<VirtualHost *:443>
  ServerName webapp0.example.com
  SSLEngine on
  SSLProtocol all -SSLv2 -SSLv3
  SSLCipherSuite HIGH:MEDIUM:!aNULL:!MD5
  SSLHonorCipherOrder on
  SSLCertificateFile /etc/pki/tls/certs/webapp0.crt
  SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/pki/tls/private/webapp0.key
  SSLCertificateChainFile /etc/pki/tls/certs/example-ca.crt
  WSGIScriptAlias / /srv/webapp0/www/webapp.wsgi
</VirtualHost>

<Directory /srv/webapp0/www>
  require all granted
</Directory>

5 - 启动并启用您的 Web 服务器，然后使支持 TLS 的 Web 服务器可供外部使用

# systemctl start httpd.service && systemctl enable httpd.service && systemctl status httpd.service
# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=https && firewall-cmd --reload

6 - 测试新的 Web 应用程序

https://webapp0.example.com/

完整 Web 服务

server0 上配置一个站点 http://server0.example.com 然后执行下述步骤：

创建一个index.html 拷贝到您的 web 服务器的 DocumentRoot 目录下
来自于 example.com 域的客户端可以访问此Web服务
来自于 cracker.org 域的客户端拒绝访问此Web服务

在 Server0 上扩展您的 web 服务器，为站点 http://www0.example.com 创建一个虚拟主机，然后执行下述步骤：

设置 DocumentRoot 为 /var/www/virtual
创建文件index.html，文件内容为 "www-second"，并将文件 index.html 放到虚拟主机的 DocumentRoot 目录下
确保 student 用户能够在 /var/www/virtual 目录下创建文件
原始站点 http://server0.example.com 必须仍然能够正常访问，默认环境中的 DNS 服务器能够对主机名 www0.example.com 正常解析

配置安全 web 服务

为站点 http://www0.example.com 配置 TLS加密
一个已签名证书从 http://classroom.example.com/pub/tls/certs/www0.crt 获取，此证书的密钥从 http://classroom.example.com/pub/tls/private/www0.key 获取，此证书的签名授权信息从 http://classroom.example.com/pub/example-ca.crt 获取

配置 web 内容的访问，在您的 server0 上的 web 服务器的 DocumentRoot 目录下，创建一个名为 confidential 的目录，要求如下：

创建包含内容为 "password:redhat" 内容的 index.html 文件到这个目录
从 server0 上的任何人都可以通过浏览器查看 confidential 目录中的内容
但是从其它系统不能访问这个目录的内容

实现动态 Web 内容，在 server0 上配置提供动态 Web 内容，要求如下：

动态内容由名为 webapp0.example.com 的虚拟主机提供
虚拟主机侦听在端口 8989
客户端访问 http://webapp0.example.com:8989/ 时应该接收到动态生成的 web 页面

Step.1 - 创建默认站点

# yum install httpd httpd-manual -y

# systemctl enable httpd && systemctl restart httpd && systemctl status httpd

# firewall-cmd --permanent --zone=block --add-source=192.168.0.0/24
# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=http
# firewall-cmd --reload

echo "first index" > /var/www/html/index.html

NOTE：命令行执行 curl http://server0.example.com 或浏览器打开 URL 可以测试访问。

Step.2 - 配置虚拟主机

# mkdir -p /var/www/virtual

# echo "second index" > /var/www/virtual/index.html

# restorecon -vRF /var/www

# setfacl -m u:student:rwx /var/www/virtual

# cat << EOF > /etc/httpd/conf.d/virtual.conf
<VirtualHost *:80>
    ServerName www0.example.com
    DocumentRoot /var/www/virtual
</VirtualHost>
EOF

# systemctl restart httpd.service

NOTE：命令行执行 curl http://www0.example.com 或浏览器打开 URL 可以测试访问。

Step.3 - 配置安全 web 服务

# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=https
# firewall-cmd --reload

# wget -O /etc/pki/tls/certs/www0.crt http://classroom.example.com/pub/tls/certs/www0.crt
# wget -O /etc/pki/tls/private/www0.key http://classroom.example.com/pub/tls/private/www0.key
# wget -O /etc/pki/tls/example-ca.crt http://classroom.example.com/pub/example-ca.crt

# yum install mod_ssl -y
# systemctl restart httpd && systemctl status httpd

# cat << EOF > /etc/httpd/conf.d/https.conf
<VirtualHost *:443>
    ServerName www0.example.com
    SSLEngine on
    SSLCertificateFile /etc/pki/tls/certs/www0.crt
    SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/pki/tls/private/www0.key
</VirtualHost>
EOF

# cat /etc/http/conf.d/ssl.conf
    <VirtualHost *:443>
        ServerName www0.example.com
        DocumentRoot /var/www/virtual/
        SSLEngine on
        SSLCertificateFile /etc/pki/tls/certs/www0.crt
        SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/pki/tls/private/www0.key
        SSLCertificateChainFile /etc/pki/tls/certs/example-ca.crt
   </VirtualHost>

# restorecon -vRF /etc/pki/tls

# systemctl restart httpd && systemctl status httpd

Step.4 - 配置 web 内容的访问

# mkdir -p /var/www/html/confidential

# touch /var/www/html/confidential/index.html
# restorecon -vRF /var/www/html/confidential/index.html

# cat << EOF > /etc/httpd/conf.d/secure.conf
<Directory /var/www/html/confidential>
    Require ip 127.0.0.1
    Require ip 172.25.0.11
</Directory>
EOF

# systemctl restart httpd

Note	命令行执行 `curl http://server0.example.com/confidential/` 或浏览器打开相应的链接可以进行测试。

Step.5 - 实现动态 Web 内容

# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=8989/tcp;firewall-cmd --reload

# semanage port -a -t http_port_t -p tcp 8989

# yum install -y mod_wsgi

# systemctl restart httpd && systemctl status httpd

# cat << EOF > /etc/httpd/conf.d/script.conf
Listen 8989
<VirtualHost *:8989>
     ServerName webapp0.example.com
     WSGIScriptAlias / /var/www/webapp.wsgi
</VirtualHost>
EOF

# systemctl restart httpd

NOTE：访问 http://webapp0.example.com:8989 测试。