期货和期权（Futures and Callables）

java.util.concurrent.Callable对象可以返回由线程完成的计算结果，而runnable接口只能运行该线程。 Callable对象返回Future对象，该对象提供监视线程正在执行的任务进度的方法。 Future对象可用于检查Callable的状态，然后在线程完成后从Callable中检索结果。 它还提供超时功能。

语法 (Syntax)

//submit the callable using ThreadExecutor
//and get the result as a Future object
Future<Long> result10 = executor.submit(new FactorialService(10));
//get the result using get method of the Future object
//get method waits till the thread execution and then return the result of the execution.
Long factorial10 = result10.get();

例子 (Example)

以下TestThread程序显示了基于线程的环境中Futures和Callables的用法。

import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
import java.util.concurrent.Future;
public class TestThread {
   public static void main(final String[] arguments) throws InterruptedException,
      ExecutionException {
      ExecutorService executor = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor();
      System.out.println("Factorial Service called for 10!");
      Future<Long> result10 = executor.submit(new FactorialService(10));
      System.out.println("Factorial Service called for 20!");
      Future<Long> result20 = executor.submit(new FactorialService(20));
      Long factorial10 = result10.get();
      System.out.println("10! = " + factorial10);
      Long factorial20 = result20.get();
      System.out.println("20! = " + factorial20);
      executor.shutdown();
   }  
   static class FactorialService implements Callable<Long> {
      private int number;
      public FactorialService(int number) {
         this.number = number;
      }
      @Override
      public Long call() throws Exception {
         return factorial();
      }
      private Long factorial() throws InterruptedException {
         long result = 1; 
         while (number != 0) { 
            result = number * result; 
            number--; 
            Thread.sleep(100); 
         }
         return result;	
      }
   }
}

这将产生以下结果。

输出 (Output)

Factorial Service called for 10!
Factorial Service called for 20!
10! = 3628800
20! = 2432902008176640000