SQL

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2023-12-01

由于SQL语法灵活复杂,分布式数据库和单机数据库的查询场景又不完全相同,难免有和单机数据库不兼容的SQL出现。

本文详细罗列出已明确可支持的SQL种类以及已明确不支持的SQL种类,尽量让使用者避免踩坑。

其中必然有未涉及到的SQL欢迎补充,未支持的SQL也尽量会在未来的版本中支持。

支持项

路由至单数据节点

  • 100%全兼容(目前仅MySQL,其他数据库完善中)。

路由至多数据节点

全面支持DML、DDL、DCL、TCL和部分DAL。支持分页、去重、排序、分组、聚合、关联查询。以下用最为复杂的DML举例:

  • SELECT主语句
SELECT select_expr [, select_expr ...] FROM table_reference [, table_reference ...]
[WHERE predicates]
[GROUP BY {col_name | position} [ASC | DESC], ...]
[ORDER BY {col_name | position} [ASC | DESC], ...]
[LIMIT {[offset,] row_count | row_count OFFSET offset}]
  • select_expr
* | 
[DISTINCT] COLUMN_NAME [AS] [alias] | 
(MAX | MIN | SUM | AVG)(COLUMN_NAME | alias) [AS] [alias] | 
COUNT(* | COLUMN_NAME | alias) [AS] [alias]
  • table_reference
tbl_name [AS] alias] [index_hint_list]
| table_reference ([INNER] | {LEFT|RIGHT} [OUTER]) JOIN table_factor [JOIN ON conditional_expr | USING (column_list)]

不支持项

路由至多数据节点

部分支持CASE WHEN

  • CASE WHEN 中包含子查询不支持
  • CASE WHEN 中使用逻辑表名不支持(请使用表别名)

不支持 UNION (ALL)

部分支持子查询

  • 子查询和外层查询同时指定分片键,且分片键的值保持一致时,子查询由内核支持
  • 子查询和外层查询未同时指定分片键,或分片键的值不一致时,子查询由 Federation 执行引擎(开发中)支持

除了分页子查询的支持之外(详情请参考分页),也支持同等模式的子查询。

例如,以下子查询可以由内核支持:

SELECT * FROM (SELECT * FROM t_order WHERE order_id = 1) o WHERE o.order_id = 1;
SELECT * FROM (SELECT row_.*, rownum rownum_ FROM (SELECT * FROM t_order) row_ WHERE rownum <= ?) WHERE rownum > ?;

以下子查询可以由 Federation 执行引擎(开发中)支持:

SELECT * FROM (SELECT * FROM t_order) o;
SELECT * FROM (SELECT * FROM t_order) o WHERE o.order_id = 1;
SELECT * FROM (SELECT * FROM t_order WHERE order_id = 1) o;
SELECT * FROM (SELECT * FROM t_order WHERE product_id = 1) o;
SELECT * FROM (SELECT * FROM t_order WHERE order_id = 1) o WHERE o.order_id = 2;

简单来说,通过子查询进行非功能需求,在大部分情况下是可以由内核支持的,比如分页、统计总数等。而通过子查询实现复杂的业务查询,需要由 Federation 执行引擎(开发中)支持。

不支持包含真实 schema 的 SQL,但支持包含逻辑 schema 的 SQL。因为 ShardingSphere 的理念是像使用一个数据源一样使用多数据源,因此对 SQL 的访问都是在同一个逻辑 schema 之上。

对分片键进行操作

运算表达式和函数中的分片键会导致全路由。

假设create_time为分片键,则无法精确路由形如SQL:

SELECT * FROM t_order WHERE to_date(create_time, 'yyyy-mm-dd') = '2019-01-01';

由于ShardingSphere只能通过SQL字面提取用于分片的值,因此当分片键处于运算表达式或函数中时,ShardingSphere无法提前获取分片键位于数据库中的值,从而无法计算出真正的分片值。

当出现此类分片键处于运算表达式或函数中的SQL时,ShardingSphere将采用全路由的形式获取结果。

示例

支持的SQL

SQL必要条件
SELECT * FROM tbl_name
SELECT * FROM tbl_name WHERE (col1 = ? or col2 = ?) and col3 = ?
SELECT * FROM tbl_name WHERE col1 = ? ORDER BY col2 DESC LIMIT ?
SELECT COUNT(*), SUM(col1), MIN(col1), MAX(col1), AVG(col1) FROM tbl_name WHERE col1 = ?
SELECT COUNT(col1) FROM tbl_name WHERE col2 = ? GROUP BY col1 ORDER BY col3 DESC LIMIT ?, ?
SELECT col1, SUM(col2) FROM tbl_name GROUP BY col1 HAVING SUM(col2) > 10
SELECT DISTINCT * FROM tbl_name WHERE col1 = ?
SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT col1) FROM tbl_name
SELECT subquery_alias.col1 FROM (select tbl_name.col1 from tbl_name where tbl_name.col2=?) subquery_alias
SELECT (SELECT MAX(col1) FROM tbl_name) a, col2 from tbl_name
(SELECT * FROM tbl_name)
INSERT INTO tbl_name (col1, col2,…) VALUES (?, ?, ….)
INSERT INTO tbl_name VALUES (?, ?,….)
INSERT INTO tbl_name (col1, col2, …) VALUES(1 + 2, ?, …)
INSERT INTO tbl_name (col1, col2, …) VALUES (?, ?, ….), (?, ?, ….)
INSERT INTO tbl_name (col1, col2, …) SELECT col1, col2, … FROM tbl_name WHERE col3 = ?INSERT表和SELECT表必须为相同表或绑定表
REPLACE INTO tbl_name (col1, col2, …) SELECT col1, col2, … FROM tbl_name WHERE col3 = ?REPLACE表和SELECT表必须为相同表或绑定表
UPDATE tbl_name SET col1 = ? WHERE col2 = ?
DELETE FROM tbl_name WHERE col1 = ?
CREATE TABLE tbl_name (col1 int, …)
ALTER TABLE tbl_name ADD col1 varchar(10)
DROP TABLE tbl_name
TRUNCATE TABLE tbl_name
CREATE INDEX idx_name ON tbl_name
DROP INDEX idx_name ON tbl_name
DROP INDEX idx_name

不支持的SQL

SQL不支持原因
INSERT INTO tbl_name (col1, col2, …) SELECT * FROM tbl_name WHERE col3 = ?SELECT子句暂不支持使用*号简写及内置的分布式主键生成器
REPLACE INTO tbl_name (col1, col2, …) SELECT * FROM tbl_name WHERE col3 = ?SELECT子句暂不支持使用*号简写及内置的分布式主键生成器
SELECT * FROM tbl_name1 UNION SELECT * FROM tbl_name2UNION
SELECT * FROM tbl_name1 UNION ALL SELECT * FROM tbl_name2UNION ALL
SELECT * FROM tbl_name WHERE to_date(create_time, ‘yyyy-mm-dd’) = ?会导致全路由
SELECT MAX(tbl_name.col1) FROM tbl_name查询列是函数表达式时,查询列前不能使用表名;若查询表存在别名,则可使用表的别名

DISTINCT支持情况详细说明

支持的SQL

SQL
SELECT DISTINCT * FROM tbl_name WHERE col1 = ?
SELECT DISTINCT col1 FROM tbl_name
SELECT DISTINCT col1, col2, col3 FROM tbl_name
SELECT DISTINCT col1 FROM tbl_name ORDER BY col1
SELECT DISTINCT col1 FROM tbl_name ORDER BY col2
SELECT DISTINCT(col1) FROM tbl_name
SELECT AVG(DISTINCT col1) FROM tbl_name
SELECT SUM(DISTINCT col1) FROM tbl_name
SELECT SUM(DISTINCT col1), SUM(col1) FROM tbl_name
SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT col1) FROM tbl_name
SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT col1) FROM tbl_name GROUP BY col1
SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT col1 + col2) FROM tbl_name
SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT col1), SUM(DISTINCT col1) FROM tbl_name
SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT col1), col1 FROM tbl_name GROUP BY col1
SELECT col1, COUNT(DISTINCT col1) FROM tbl_name GROUP BY col1

不支持的SQL

SQL不支持原因
SELECT SUM(DISTINCT tbl_name.col1), tbl_name.col2 FROM tbl_name查询列是函数表达式时,查询列前不能使用表名;若查询表存在别名,则可使用表的别名