3.1 Line Composition Rules for Punctuation Marks 标点符号与其排版 標點符號與其排版
The usage of Chinese punctuation marks differs across different regions. One major difference is how the character face is handled and positioned relative to the character frame. Punctuation marks are usually center-aligned in the character frame in Taiwan and Hong Kong, while punctuation marks are positioned in the corner of the character frame on the side closest to the preceding text in the Chinese Mainland. The differences and the correct way to layout punctuation marks in different areas will be introduced in detail later.
CJKV punctuation marks use different glyphs which are visually distinct between languages. Unicode currently does not distinguish each of them with unique codepoints. Usually, we use typefaces corresponding to the locale of the written text or have the layout engines adjust the punctuation marks according to the languages automatically.
The content of the following section is mainly based on the content of General Rules for Punctuation (GB/T 15834—2011) issued in Mainland China, as well as the Punctuation Guidance (2008 revised edition) issued by the Ministry of Education in Taiwan. The former is a recommended national standard while the latter is not mandatory for general publications but mainly used to regulate education materials like textbooks.
3.1.1 Categories and Usage of Punctuation Marks 标点符号的分类及用法 標點符號的分類及用法
3.1.1.1 Pause or Stop Punctuation Marks 点号 點號
Pause or stop punctuation marks are used to indicate pauses or the end of a sentence. Some of the pause or stop punctuation marks appear within a sentence, such as secondary commas, commas, semicolons, colons, etc., while others appear at the end of a sentence, such as periods, question marks and exclamation marks.
Periods U+3002 IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP [。] are punctuation marks placed at the end of a sentence. Commas U+FF0C FULLWIDTH COMMA [，] are mainly used for separating parts of a sentence such as clauses. Secondary commas (also known as slight-pause commas or enumeration commas) U+3001 IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA [、] are usually used to separate items in lists, particularly when there are three or more items listed.
In many college textbooks, science and technology literature, and grammar books of Western languages for example, most of which are in horizontal writing mode, where Western language are heavily used. In these cases, U+FF0E FULLWIDTH FULL STOP [．] can be used as periods, while U+002C COMMA [,] or U+FF0C FULLWIDTH COMMA [，] can be used as commas or secondary commas.
U+FF1A FULLWIDTH COLON [：] consists of two equally sized dots centered on the same vertical line. It is used to start an explanation or a list. U+FF1B FULLWIDTH SEMICOLON [；] is a punctuation mark that separates major sentence elements. A semicolon can be used between two closely related independent clauses, provided they are not already joined by a coordinating conjunction.
U+FF01 FULLWIDTH EXCLAMATION MARK [！] is a punctuation mark usually used after an interjection or exclamation to indicate strong feelings or high volume (shouting), and often marks the end of a sentence. U+FF1F FULLWIDTH QUESTION MARK [？] casually known as the interrogation point, query, or eroteme, is a punctuation mark that indicates an interrogative clause, or phrase in many languages. The question mark is not used for indirect questions.
叹号U+FF01 FULLWIDTH EXCLAMATION MARK [！]与问号U+FF1F FULLWIDTH QUESTION MARK [？]。叹号及问号用于句末，前者表示惊讶，后者表示质疑。
驚嘆號U+FF01 FULLWIDTH EXCLAMATION MARK [！]與問號U+FF1F FULLWIDTH QUESTION MARK [？]。驚嘆號及問號用於句末，前者表示驚訝，後者表示質疑。
3.1.1.2 Indicator Punctuation Marks 标号 標號
In contrast with pause or stop punctuation marks, indicator punctuation marks usually indicate a specific feature of the phrase or sentence. They include quotation marks, brackets, parentheses, em dashes, ellipses, emphasis dots, connector marks, interpuncts, book title marks, proper noun marks, and solidi.
Quotation marks, usually used in pairs, are commonly used to emphasize certain characters or words, or to indicate the beginning and ending of the dialog or quoted content. If there is a need to use a pair of quotation marks inside a pair of quotation marks, the shape of the inner quotation marks will differ from the parent quotation marks. Quotation marks are a kind of bracket.
When there is a need for quotation marks, Taiwan will apply single quotation marks first, followed by double quotation marks. Single quotation marks include U+300C LEFT CORNER BRACKET [「] and U+300D RIGHT CORNER BRACKET [」]; double quotation marks include U+300E LEFT WHITE CORNER BRACKET [『] and U+300F RIGHT WHITE CORNER BRACKET [』].
在台湾，采用先单、后双的引号体例。单引号，包含开始单直角引号U+300C LEFT CORNER BRACKET [「]与结束单直角引号U+300D RIGHT CORNER BRACKET [」]；双引号，包含开始双直角引号U+300E LEFT WHITE CORNER BRACKET [『]与结束双直角引号U+300F RIGHT WHITE CORNER BRACKET [』]。
在台灣，採用先單、後雙的引號體例。單引號，包含開始單直角引號U+300C LEFT CORNER BRACKET [「]與結束單直角引號U+300D RIGHT CORNER BRACKET [」]；雙引號，包含開始雙直角引號U+300E LEFT WHITE CORNER BRACKET [『]與結束雙直角引號U+300F RIGHT WHITE CORNER BRACKET [』]。
On the other hand, Chinese Mainland will apply double quotation marks first, followed by single quotation marks. In Chinese Mainland, double quotation marks include U+201C LEFT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK [“], U+300E LEFT WHITE CORNER BRACKET [『], U+201D RIGHT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK [”], U+300F RIGHT WHITE CORNER BRACKET [』]; single quotation marks include U+2018 LEFT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK [‘], U+300C LEFT CORNER BRACKET [「], U+2019 RIGHT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK [’] and U+300D RIGHT CORNER BRACKET [」]. In horizontal writing, quotation marks are usually used. But in vertical writing, use corner brackets instead.
在中国大陆，采用先双、后单的引号体例，弯引号用于横排、直角引号用于直排。双引号，包含开始双弯引号U+201C LEFT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK [“]、开始双直角引号U+300E LEFT WHITE CORNER BRACKET [『]、结束双弯引号U+201D RIGHT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK [”]、结束双直角引号U+300F RIGHT WHITE CORNER BRACKET [』]；单引号，包含开始单弯引号U+2018 LEFT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK[‘]、开始单直角引号U+300C LEFT CORNER BRACKET[「]、结束单弯引号U+2019 RIGHT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK [’]、结束单直角引号U+300D RIGHT CORNER BRACKET [」]。
在中國大陸，採用先雙、後單的引號體例，彎引號用於橫排、直角引號用於直排。雙引號，包含開始雙彎引號U+201C LEFT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK [“]、開始雙直角引號U+300E LEFT WHITE CORNER BRACKET [『]、結束雙彎引號U+201D RIGHT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK [”]、結束雙直角引號U+300F RIGHT WHITE CORNER BRACKET [』]；單引號，包含開始單彎引號U+2018 LEFT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK [‘]、開始單直角引號U+300C LEFT CORNER BRACKET [「]、結束單彎引號U+2019 RIGHT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK [’]、結束單直角引號U+300D RIGHT CORNER BRACKET [」]。
When there is a need for multiple-paragraph quotation marks, opening quotation marks should be given to the first and every subsequent paragraph, and closing quotation marks are only used in the final paragraph of the quotation.
当引文不只一段时，应在每段开头使用开始引号，并且只在最后一段末尾使用结束引号。
當引文不只一段時，應在每段開頭使用開始引號，並且只在最後一段末尾使用結束引號。
Note
There are vertical bracket codepoints such as U+FE41 PRESENTATION FORM FOR VERTICAL LEFT CORNER BRACKET in Unicode. But they are not suitable for authors to use directly. They should be replaced via some other mechanism.
Unicode编码中有如U+FE41 PRESENTATION FORM FOR VERTICAL LEFT CORNER BRACKET等直立的符号，但作者不适宜直接使用该符号，而是透过其他机制替代使用。
Unicode編碼中有如U+FE41 PRESENTATION FORM FOR VERTICAL LEFT CORNER BRACKET等直立的符號，但作者不適宜直接使用該符號，而是透過其他機制替代使用。
Note
Some Traditional Chinese publications in Taiwan might also apply double quotation marks first, followed by single quotation marks.
某些台湾的繁体中文出版物也会采用先双、后单的引号体例。
某些台灣的繁體中文出版物亦會採用先雙、後單的引號體例。
Note
Traditional Chinese might also use quotation marks, but it is hardly ever used in vertical writing mode.
繁体中文也有使用弯引号者，但很少用于直排。
繁體中文也有使用彎引號者，但鮮少用於直排。
Parentheses.
括号
括號
Parentheses, also known as brackets, round brackets, or curved brackets, contain material that serves to clarify, or is aside from the main point.
括号用于行内注释、说明。
括號用於行內注釋、說明。
According to Punctuation Guidance (2008 revised edition) issued by the Ministry of Education in Taiwan, parentheses used in Chinese include U+FF08 FULLWIDTH LEFT PARENTHESIS [（], U+FF09 FULLWIDTH RIGHT PARENTHESIS [）] and U+2E3A TWO-EM DASH [⸺] or U+2014 EM DASH [—]. In the latter case, either one two-em dash (U+2E3A TWO-EM DASH [⸺]) or two consecutive em dashes can be used.
台湾教育部的《重订标点符号手册》（2008年修订版）称括号为夹注号，分甲式及乙式，甲式为U+FF08 FULLWIDTH LEFT PARENTHESIS [（]与U+FF09 FULLWIDTH RIGHT PARENTHESIS [）]，乙式则为一对各占二个汉字空间的U+2E3A TWO-EM DASH[⸺]或一组两个U+2014 EM DASH[—]。括号属于夹注符号。
台灣教育部的《重訂標點符號手冊》（2008年修訂版）稱括號為夾注號，分甲式及乙式，甲式為U+FF08 FULLWIDTH LEFT PARENTHESIS [（]與U+FF09 FULLWIDTH RIGHT PARENTHESIS [）]，乙式則為一對各佔二個漢字空間的U+2E3A TWO-EM DASH[⸺]或一組兩個U+2014 EM DASH[—]。括號屬於夾注符號。
The description of parentheses in General Rules for Punctuation (GB/T 15834–2011), the national standard issued by China Central Government, is basically the same as above, but it lists em dashes as one type of dash.
There are other brackets and quotation marks which include: U+3010 LEFT BLACK LENTICULAR BRACKET [【], U+3011 RIGHT BLACK LENTICULAR BRACKET [】], U+3016 LEFT WHITE LENTICULAR BRACKET [〖], U+3017 RIGHT WHITE LENTICULAR BRACKET [〗], left U+3014 LEFT TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET [〔], U+3015 RIGHT TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET [〕], U+FF3B FULLWIDTH LEFT SQUARE BRACKET [［], U+FF3D FULLWIDTH RIGHT SQUARE BRACKET [］], U+FF5B FULLWIDTH LEFT CURLY BRACKET [｛], U+FF5D FULLWIDTH RIGHT CURLY BRACKET [｝]. These brackets and quotation marks are rarely used in Chinese publications.
其余括号类则有：开始方头括号U+3010 LEFT BLACK LENTICULAR BRACKET [【]、结束方头括号U+3011 RIGHT BLACK LENTICULAR BRACKET [】]、开始空心方头括号U+3016 LEFT WHITE LENTICULAR BRACKET [〖]、结束空心方头括号U+3017 RIGHT WHITE LENTICULAR BRACKET [〗]、开始六角括号U+3014 LEFT TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET [〔]、结束六角括号U+3015 RIGHT TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET [〕]、开始方括号U+FF3B FULLWIDTH LEFT SQUARE BRACKET [［]、结束方括号U+FF3D FULLWIDTH RIGHT SQUARE BRACKET [］]、开始花括号U+FF5B FULLWIDTH LEFT CURLY BRACKET [｛]、结束花括号U+FF5D FULLWIDTH RIGHT CURLY BRACKET [｝]。
其餘括號類則有：開始方头括号U+3010 LEFT BLACK LENTICULAR BRACKET [【]、結束方头括号U+3011 RIGHT BLACK LENTICULAR BRACKET [】]、開始空心方头括号U+3016 LEFT WHITE LENTICULAR BRACKET [〖]、結束空心方头括号U+3017 RIGHT WHITE LENTICULAR BRACKET [〗]、開始六角括号U+3014 LEFT TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET [〔]、結束六角括号U+3015 RIGHT TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET [〕]、開始方括号U+FF3B FULLWIDTH LEFT SQUARE BRACKET [［]、結束方括号U+FF3D FULLWIDTH RIGHT SQUARE BRACKET [］]、開始花括号U+FF5B FULLWIDTH LEFT CURLY BRACKET [｛]、結束花括号U+FF5D FULLWIDTH RIGHT CURLY BRACKET [｝]。
Em Dashes.
破折号
破折號
Em Dashes show a continuation of tone or sound, an abrupt change in thought, or adding new content to the context, appearing as a centered horizontal bar, and take one character height and two character widths. Using U+2E3A TWO-EM DASH [⸺] is recommended, but two adjacent U+2014 EM DASH [—] are also often used.
破折号表示语气或声音的延续、语意的转换或行文的补充。呈现上为一条居中的横杠，占两个汉字空间。推荐使用占两个汉字宽度的U+2E3A TWO-EM DASH [⸺]，但通常也使用两个连续的U+2014 EM DASH [—]来实现。
破折號表示語氣或聲音的延續、語意的轉換或行文的補充。呈現上為一條居中的橫槓，占兩個漢字空間。推薦使用占兩個漢字寬度的U+2E3A TWO-EM DASH [⸺]，但通常也使用兩個連續的U+2014 EM DASH [—]來實現。
Ellipses.
省略号／删节号
刪節號／省略號
Ellipses are used to indicate a truncation of text, an unfinished sentence or a break in speech. An ellipsis in Chinese consists of six dots, takes up the space of two Hanzi characters, and is horizontally and vertically centered within its character frame. This is normally achieved using two U+2026 HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS characters, side-by-side.
Emphasis dots are symbols placed above or beneath characters to emphasize the text, strengthen the tone, or avoid ambiguity. For horizontal writing mode, emphasis dots are placed under the characters, whereas in vertical writing mode, they are usually placed to the right side of the characters. Both U+25CF BLACK CIRCLE [●] or U+2022 BULLET [•] can work as emphasis dots.
着重号用于表示相应文本的强调、着重语气或避免歧义。其形态为标注于文字底端或顶端（横排多在下方〔底端〕、直排多在右侧〔顶端〕）的圆形中黑点，可以为U+25CF BLACK CIRCLE [●]或U+2022 BULLET [•]。
着重號用於表示相應文本的強調、着重語氣或避免歧義。其形態為標注於文字底端或頂端（橫排多在下方〔底端〕、直排多在右側〔頂端〕）的圓形中黑點，可以為U+25CF BLACK CIRCLE [●]或U+2022 BULLET [•]。
Punctuation Guidance (revised edition) issued by The Ministry of Education in Taiwan does not include this mark but it can still be seen in some publications.
台湾教育部的《重订标点符号手册》（2008年修订版）中未收录此符号，但仍可见于部分台湾的出版物。
台灣教育部的《重訂標點符號手冊》（2008年修訂版）中未收錄此符號，但仍可見於部分台灣的出版物
Connector Marks.
连接号
連接號
Connector marks are used to indicate the beginning and end of time or space, to indicate quantity, to express the name of a chemical compound, to label a table or illustration, to connect a house number in an address, for a phone number, to separate digits which indicate the year, month and date, or to connect compound nouns and for the romanization, as well as the foreign text in the content.
According to the Punctuation Guidance (revised edition) issued by the Ministry of Education in Taiwan, connector symbols include U+2013 EN DASH [–] and U+FF5E FULLWIDTH TILDE [～] or U+007E TILDE [~].
根据台湾教育部的《重订标点符号手册》，连接号分为甲式及乙式，甲式为U+2013 EN DASH [–]、乙式为U+FF5E FULLWIDTH TILDE [～]或U+007E TILDE [~]。
根据台灣教育部的《重訂標點符號手冊》，連接號分為甲式及乙式，甲式為U+2013 EN DASH [–]、乙式為U+FF5E FULLWIDTH TILDE [～]或U+007E TILDE [~]。
According to the General Rules for Punctuation (GB/T 15834—2011), there are three types of connector marks, namely, the short connector mark [–], the long connector mark [—], and tilde [~].
The General Rules for Punctuation (GB/T 15834—2011) does not state the corresponding Unicode code point for the three types of connector marks. However, we can make the deduction that the long connector mark [—] is U+2014 EM DASH [—] and the tilde [~] is U+FF5E FULLWIDTH TILDE [～]. Since the short connector mark should take half the width of the long connector mark, it should be U+2013 EN DASH [–]. The actual length of these connector marks may depend on the writing system as well as the typeface.
《标点符号用法》（GB/T 15834—2011）中没有指定这三个符号的码位，但是基本上可以推断一字线是U+2014 EM DASH [—]，浪纹线是U+FF5E FULLWIDTH TILDE [～]。但是对于「短横线」，该标准5.1.6节规定「短横线比汉字『一』略短，占半个字位置」，因此可以是 U+2013 EN DASH [–]。这些连接号的实际长短根据所用处理系统和使用字体会有区别。
《標點符號用法》（GB/T 15834—2011）中沒有指定這三個符號的碼位，但是基本上可以推斷一字線是U+2014 EM DASH [—]，浪紋線是U+FF5E FULLWIDTH TILDE [～]。但是對於「短橫線」，該標準5.1.6節規定「橫短線比漢字『一』略短，佔半個字位置」，因此可以是U+2013 EN DASH [–]。這些連接號的實際長短根據所用處理系統和使用字體會有區別。
Interpuncts.
间隔号
間隔號
Interpuncts U+00B7 MIDDLE DOT [·], also known as interpoints, middots or centered dots, are punctuation marks consisting of a vertically-centered dot, and is used to mark divisions in transliterated foreign words. They are also used with book title marks to separate chapters, articles, and volumes in publications.
Interpuncts apply to Chinese only. When a translated foreign name contains a Latin character, a western period should be used rather than a interpunct. For example, 比尔·盖茨 but B. 盖茨.
Usage of interpuncts differs between Traditional Chinese and Simplified Chinese. In principle, interpuncts, either in vertical writing mode or horizontal writing mode, should have the same dimensions as a Hanzi; however, in Simplified Chinese, interpuncts sometimes take up half the space of a Hanzi when they are used to separate months and days, e.g. 9·11.
Due to the fact that Big5 code does not give a detailed definition of interpuncts, sometimes U+FF0E FULLWIDTH FULL STOP [．], U+2027 HYPHENATION POINT [‧] or U+2022 BULLET [•] are used. It is recommended to use U+00B7 MIDDLE DOT [·] altogether. U+30FB KATAKANA MIDDLE DOT [・] is from JIS code, and is therefore not recommended.
过去因大五码未有详细的语意定义，所以有时混用U+FF0E FULLWIDTH FULL STOP [．]、U+2027 HYPHENATION POINT [‧]、U+2022 BULLET [•]等字符作为间隔号的例子，建议使用U+00B7 MIDDLE DOT [·]。而U+30FB KATAKANA MIDDLE DOT [・]来自日文JIS编码，并非中文编码，不建议使用。
過去因大五碼未有詳細的語意定義，所以時有混用U+FF0E FULLWIDTH FULL STOP [．]、U+2027 HYPHENATION POINT [‧]、U+2022 BULLET [•]等字元作為間隔號的例子，建議使用U+00B7 MIDDLE DOT [·]。而U+30FB KATAKANA MIDDLE DOT [・]來自日文JIS編碼，並非中文編碼，不建議使用。
Book title marks.
书名号
書名號
According to Punctuation Guidance (revised edition in 2008) issued by the Ministry of Education in Taiwan, book title marks are used to indicate the names of works which usually include books, articles, songs, movies, files, calligraphy and paintings. Generally, there are two types of book title marks, wavy low lines or angle brackets. Book title mark type A U+FE4F WAVY LOW LINE [﹏] has a wavy line appearance and is positioned at the foot end of the annotated text. When two works are listed adjacent to each other, their wavy lines should be visually separated. Book title mark type B includes U+300A LEFT DOUBLE ANGLE BRACKET [《], U+300B RIGHT DOUBLE ANGLE BRACKET [》], U+3008 LEFT ANGLE BRACKET [〈] and U+3009 RIGHT ANGLE BRACKET [〉]. The former pair is used for the names of books while the latter pair is used for the names of articles.
根据台湾教育部的《重订标点符号手册》（2008年修订版），书名号分为甲式及乙式，甲式为波浪底线U+FE4F WAVY LOW LINE [﹏]，标注在相应文本底端，二个作品名称相邻时，甲式书名号间须在视觉上分离予以辨别。乙式有双书名号U+300A LEFT DOUBLE ANGLE BRACKET [《]与U+300B RIGHT DOUBLE ANGLE BRACKET [》]、单书名号U+3008 LEFT ANGLE BRACKET [〈]与U+3009 RIGHT ANGLE BRACKET [〉]，前一对用于标示书名号、后一对用于标示篇名。
根據台灣教育部的《重訂標點符號手冊》（2008年修訂版），書名號分為甲式及乙式，甲式為波浪底線U+FE4F WAVY LOW LINE [﹏]，標注在相應文本底端，二個作品名稱相鄰時，甲式書名號間須在視覺上分離予以辨別。乙式有雙書名號U+300A LEFT DOUBLE ANGLE BRACKET [《]與U+300B RIGHT DOUBLE ANGLE BRACKET [》]、單書名號U+3008 LEFT ANGLE BRACKET [〈]與U+3009 RIGHT ANGLE BRACKET [〉]，前一對用於標示書名號、後一對用於標示篇名。
Book title marks are used to indicate titles of books, articles, songs, films, documents, artworks and so on.
书名号用于标示书名、篇名、歌曲名、影剧名、文件名、字画名等各种作品名称。
書名號用於標示書名、篇名、歌曲名、影劇名、文件名、字畫名等各種作品名稱。
According to the General Rules for Punctuation (GB/T 15834―2011) in Mainland China, the names of books as well as chapters should be quoted using double angle brackets [《》]. When there is a need to indicate the name of another book within the double angle brackets [《》], the ordinary angle brackets [〈〉] should be used. Book title mark type A is only used in ancient books.
Book title mark type A is rarely used in modern publications, but can still be seen in some textbooks and ancient publications.
甲式书名号已甚少出现于现代的出版品，但仍可见于教科书或古籍的标示。
甲式書名號已甚少出現於現代的出版品，但仍可見於教科書或古籍的標示。
Proper noun marks.
专名号
專名號
U+FF3F FULLWIDTH LOW LINE [＿] is positioned underneath proper nouns such as a person's name, the name of a place, etc.
专名号为U+FF3F FULLWIDTH LOW LINE [＿]，标示专有名词——如人名、地名等——底端的符号。
專名號為U+FF3F FULLWIDTH LOW LINE [＿]，標示專有名詞——如人名、地名等——底端的符號。
When two proper nouns are adjacent to each other, the lines of the marks should be visually separated.
在两个专有名词相邻时，专名号间须在视觉上分离予以辨别。
在二個專有名詞相鄰時，專名號間須在視覺上分離予以辨別。
Note
As with book title mark type A (wavy low lines), proper noun marks are rarely used in modern publications, but they can still be seen in some textbooks and ancient publications.
同甲式书名号，专名号已甚少出现于现代书籍，但仍可见于教科书或古籍的标示。
同甲式書名號，專名號已甚少出現於現代書籍，但仍可見於教科書或古籍的標示。
Solidi.
分隔号
分隔號
Both U+002F SOLIDUS [/] and U+FF0F FULLWIDTH SOLIDUS [／] are used to indicate the separation of lines in poetry, syllable beats, and characters which should be separated.
Punctuation Guidance (revised edition in 2008) issued by The Ministry of Education in Taiwan does not include the SOLIDUS, but it is frequently used in Taiwan's publications, including textbooks.
Punctuation marks used in Taiwan and Hong Kong are usually positioned in the vertical and horizontal center of the square space left for them; while in vertical writing mode and horizontal writing mode, some of the punctuation marks are positioned in different directions so as to mark the corresponding characters more accurately. In Chinese Manland, the punctuation marks are usually positioned following the characters they are supposed to mark; while some punctuation marks might be positioned in different directions due to the vertical or horizontal writing mode. Also, different writing modes might require different punctuation marks to fulfill the same function, e.g. horizontal writing mode requires curved quotation marks while vertical writing mode requires angle brackets.
Pause or stop punctuation marks include the slight-pause comma, comma, semicolon, colon, period, question mark, exclamation mark, etc. They take the same dimensions as well as the direction as a character in their respective writing modes does. In Taiwan and Hong Kong, pause or stop punctuation marks are usually positioned in the vertical and horizontal center of the square space left for them. In Chinese Mainland, they are positioned in the top or bottom side in the space left for them following the marked characters. In horizontal writing mode, the pause or stop punctuation marks are placed at the lower left corner in the square space while in vertical writing mode, they are placed in the right upper corner.
Figure 7 An example punctuation position for vertical writing mode in Mainland China 中国大陆竖排标点位置示例。 中國大陸直排標點位置範例。
Bracket marks include quotation marks, parentheses, title marks, etc. They should be positioned in pairs at either side of the marked character(s), have the same dimensions as a character, and the same direction as the characters. Bracket quotation marks have different positioning rules in different areas. In Taiwan, single quotation marks will be used first and then double quotation marks, whereas in Chinese Mainland, double quotation marks will be used first and then single quotation marks. Also, the writing mode should be taken into consideration as well. Horizontal writing mode requires curved quotation marks while vertical writing mode requires corner brackets.
Ellipses and long dashes, should be vertically and horizontally centered within their square frame, and should be one character in height and two characters in width. They are not supposed to be separated from one line to the next and should be positioned in the same direction as the characters.
Connector marks should take up the same dimensions as a single character, and be vertically and horizontally centered within its square frame. Among the connector marks, the EN DASH should have a short length to distinguish it from the Chinese character [一], which means one. And they should be positioned in the same direction as the characters they mark.
Middle dots should be vertically and horizontally centered within their square frame. To make more economical use of the available space, or to tighten the overall spacing, sometimes the solidus can have a half character width.
Interlinear marks like title marks, wavy low lines, and emphasis dots should be positioned underneath the marked characters in horizontal writing mode. In vertical writing mode, emphasis dots should be positioned to the right side of the marked characters so as not to affect the characters above and beneath them.
Solidi should be vertically and horizontally centered within their square frame. As GB rules, it should take half a character width, whereas in Taiwan, there is no clear rule about its dimensions but most publications will give them the same dimensions as a single character.
Proper noun marks should use U+FF3F FULLWIDTH LOW LINE [＿] and be positioned to the left of the marked characters.
专名号标注于文字左侧；
專名號標註於文字左側；
Emphasis dots should be positioned to the right of the marked characters.
着重号标注于文字右侧。
著重號標註於文字右側。
3.1.3 Atypical punctuation marks and their composition 非典型的标点符号及其配置 非典型的標點符號及其配置
3.1.3.1 Science and technology literature 科技文献 科技文獻
Science and technology literature prefer U+FF0E FULLWIDTH FULL STOP [．] to U+3002 IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP [。] so as to make a clear distinction from the letter [o] or digit [0].
科技文献中的句号多使用U+FF0E FULLWIDTH FULL STOP [．]替代U+3002 IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP [。]，以避免同拉丁字母“o”或数字“0”混淆。
科技文獻中的「句號」多使用U+FF0E FULLWIDTH FULL STOP [．]替代U+3002 IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP [。]，以避免同拉丁字母「o」或數字「0」混淆。
3.1.3.2 Special cases in publications from Taiwan and Hong Kong 港台中文出版品的特殊情况 港台中文出版品的特殊情況
In Traditional Chinese publications such as ancient books, science and technology literature, textbooks, or books that have quotations in Western languages, some pause or stop punctuation marks, including the slight-pause comma, colon and period, are positioned following the marked characters. The same applies for Simplified Chinese as well as Japanese so as to unify punctuation styles for both Chinese and Western languages.
3.1.3.3 Exclamatory question mark, repeating question marks and repeating exclamation marks 叹问号与问、叹号叠加 嘆問號與問、嘆號疊加
Exclamatory question marks are defined in the General Rules for Punctuation (GB/T 15834-2011) as an extended usage of exclamation marks. For questions with a strong exclamatory tone of voice, it is appropriate to add an exclamation mark after the question mark (?!). However, it is common to see a question mark added after an exclamation mark (!?) in numerous publications as well. In addition, GB rules indicate that it is acceptable to chain up to 3 exclamation marks or question marks in succession (!!!, ???) for exclamatory statements or interrogative sentences which require greater emphasis.
In print publications, GB rules state that when question marks and exclamation marks are chained, they are considered one character width. Double question marks or double exclamation marks also one character width. Triple question marks or triple exclamation marks are two character widths. In addition, for vertical writing mode in Taiwan, chained question marks or exclamation marks are upright and take up one character width.
The following punctuation marks already exist in Unicode: U+2047 DOUBLE QUESTION MARK [⁇]、U+203C DOUBLE EXCLAMATION MARK [‼ ]、U+2048 QUESTION EXCLAMATION MARK [⁈]、U+2049 EXCLAMATION QUESTION MARK [⁉]. They should be used with discretion.
在Unicode中已编 有U+2047 DOUBLE QUESTION MARK [⁇]、U+203C DOUBLE EXCLAMATION MARK [‼ ]、U+2048 QUESTION EXCLAMATION MARK [⁈]、U+2049 EXCLAMATION QUESTION MARK [⁉]等符号，在考量字体支援下可斟酌使用。
在Unicode中已編 有U+2047 DOUBLE QUESTION MARK [⁇]、U+203C DOUBLE EXCLAMATION MARK [‼]、U+2048 QUESTION EXCLAMATION MARK [⁈]、U+2049 EXCLAMATION QUESTION MARK [⁉]等符號，在考量字體支援下可斟酌使用。
3.1.3.4 Symbol of death 示亡号 示亡號
The symbol of death is not defined in the GB rules, but is a punctuation mark which is widely used by the commons. The symbol of death is a solid black border outside the character frame of a person's name to indicate the person is deceased. Its Western counterpart would be the dagger punctuation mark (U+2020 DAGGER † and U+2021 DOUBLE DAGGER ‡).
Figure 8 An example of the usage of symbol of death 示亡号用法的示例。 示亡號用法的示例。
The symbol of death is used to indicate a person who had been recently deceased, and is often seen in name lists, official reports, genealogy records and so on. It is not used for people who have passed away for some time or well-known deceased individuals.
3.1.4 Prohibition Rules for Line Start and Line End 行首行尾禁则 行首行尾禁則
In order to maintain a smooth reading experience and consistency of style, there are certain constraints for the positioning of most punctuation marks. In most cases, according to its function, a punctuation mark is prohibited from appearing at the line start or line end. This rule was first implemented during the time of letterpress printing. In Mainland China, the national standard General Rules for Punctuation (GB/T 15834–2011) sets clear rules about the positioning of punctuation marks. In Taiwan and Hong Kong, there is not yet a standard for the usage and positioning of punctuation marks, but most of the publications apply the rules described in this document.
There are four sets of line-breaking rules with different strictness:
具体地，可以分为四种级别：
具體地，可以分為四種級別：
none 不处理 不處理
Ignore all prohibition against line breaks. Commonly used in newspapers in Taiwan and Hong Kong.
完全不处理行首行尾禁则。常见于台湾香港等地报刊。
完全不處理行首行尾禁則。常見於台灣香港等地報刊。
basic 基本处理 基本處理
Pause or stop punctuation marks (secondary commas, commas, semicolons, colons, periods, exclamation marks, and question marks), closing quotation marks, closing parentheses, closing angle brackets, connector marks, and interpuncts should not appear at the line start. Opening quotation marks, opening parentheses, and opening angle brackets should not appear at the line end. This is the most recommended method.
In principle, line-breaking rules within a single document should be consistent. However, in the case where three punctuation marks appear together, such as [。』」], prohibition against line break can be ignored to keep a reasonable spacing between characters in each line. This should be considered as a remedial measure and is not recommended generally.
Prohibition rules for line start and line end are styling issues. The user agent can choose or customize the rules to become more or less restrictive when needed.
3.1.5 Prohibition Rules for Unbreakable Marks 符号分离禁则 符號分離禁則
3.1.5.1 Punctuation Marks 标点符号 標點符號
The following punctuation marks should be considered as one unit and take two character widths. They should not be separated into two lines. In cases where multiples of such punctuation marks appear together, it is allowed to separate them into two lines as described in § 3.2.4 Handling Western Text in Chinese Text Using Proportional Western Fonts 西文使用比例字体时的混排处理 西文使用比例字體時的混排處理 . If they were forced to remain on one line, it might cause too much space between the characters in the previous line and decrease the aesthetics of the entire composition.
以下标点符号占用两个汉字的空间，在行间应为一体，视作一个字符存在，不能为了适配分行而拆成两行。
以下標點符號佔用二個漢字的空間，在行間應為一體，視作一個字元存在，不得以適配分行之由拆至二行。
Note
In the digital era, these punctuation marks usually take the width of 2 characters but are still considered as one unit.
在数字出版时代，这些标点符号通常占用两个字符的宽度，但是被认做一个整体单元。
在數位出版時代，這些標點符號通常佔用兩個字符的寬度，但是被認做一個整體單元。
Em dash and long dash.
乙式括号与破折号
乙式括號與破折號
Long dashes [——] can be created using U+2E3A TWO-EM DASH [⸺] or two adjacent U+2014 EM DASH [—] characters. Both alternatives should take one character height and two character widths.
乙式括号与破折号是占两个汉字空间的U+2E3A TWO-EM DASH [⸺] 或连续使用两个U+2014 EM DASH [—]。
乙式括號與破折號為佔二個漢字空間的U+2E3A TWO-EM DASH [⸺] 或連續使用兩個U+2014 EM DASH [—]。
Ellipsis.
省略号
刪節號
When two U+2026 HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS […] characters are used together for ellipsis, they are, together, the height of one Hanzi character and the width of two Hanzi characters and consist of six dots.
According to section 5.1.5 of the General Rules for Punctuation (GB/T 15834―2011), when two ellipses are used together, they should be four characters wide and occupy an independent line.
3.1.5.2 Digits and their Prefix and Suffix 数字及其相应的前后缀单位符号 數字及其相應的前後綴單位符號
3.1.5.3 Annotation Marks 注释符号 注釋符號
3.1.6 Compression Rules for Punctuation Marks 标点符号的挤压 標點符號的擠壓
Punctuation marks in Chinese usually have the dimensions of one character (or more). This provides a clear distinction between characters and leaves some room for compositional adjustment. However, if there is no character before or after the punctuation mark(s), the empty space around the punctuation mark(s) will seem a bit abrupt. In this case, proper compression for the punctuation mark(s) will make the composition tighter and more readable.
Usually there are two ways to compress punctuation mark(s). First, when multiple punctuation marks appear together, the space between the punctuation marks can be adjusted; second, when multiple punctuation marks appear at the line start or line end, the space at the line start or line end can be adjusted.
3.1.6.1 Compression of adjacent punctuation marks 连续标点符号的挤压 連續標點符號的擠壓
When opening bracket(s), closing bracket(s), slight-pause comma, comma, period or interpunct appear together, the following rules for space adjustment will make the composition tighter and more readable.
In common rules of Chinese Mainland, when one or more closing brackets appear behind a slight-pause comma, comma or period, the space can be reduced by half a character width. Such adjustments will not be done in Taiwan and Hong Kong.
When a slight-pause comma, comma or period appears after a closing bracket, the space can be reduced by half a character width.
当顿号、逗号、句号出现在结束夹注符号之后时，缩减其间二分之一个汉字大小的空白。
當頓號、逗號、句號出現在結束夾注符號之後，縮減其間二分之一個漢字大小的空白。
When an opening bracket appears after a slight-pause comma, comma or period, the space can be reduced by half a character width.
当开始夹注符号出现在顿号、逗号、句号之后时，缩减其间二分之一个汉字大小的空白。
當開始夾注符號出現於頓號、逗號、句號之後，縮減其間二分之一個漢字大小的空白。
When an opening bracket appears after a closing bracket, the space can be reduced by half a character width.
当开始夹注符号出现在结束夹注符号之后时，缩减其间二分之一个汉字大小的空白。
當開始夾注符號出現於結束夾注符號之後，縮減其間二分之一個漢字大小的空白。
When two or more opening brackets appear together, the space can be reduced by half a character width.
当两个（或以上）开始夹注符号连续排列时，缩减其间二分之一个汉字大小的空白。
當二個（或以上）開始夾注符號連續排列時，縮減其間二分之一個漢字大小的空白。
When two or more closing brackets appear together, the space can be reduced by half a character width.
当两个（或以上）结束夹注符号连续排列时，缩减其间二分之一个汉字大小的空白。
當二個（或以上）結束夾注符號連續排列時，縮減其間二分之一個漢字大小的空白。
When a solidus appears after a closing bracket, the space can be reduced by a quarter of a character width.
当间隔号出现于结束夹注符号之后时，缩减其间四分之一个汉字大小的空白。
當間隔號出現於結束夾注符號之後，縮減其間四分之一個漢字大小的空白。
When a solidus appears before an opening bracket, the space can be reduced by a quarter of a character width.
当间隔号出现于开始夹注符号之前时，缩减其间四分之一个汉字大小的空白。
當間隔號出現於開始夾注符號之前，縮減其間四分之一個漢字大小的空白。
3.1.6.2 Compression of punctuation marks at line start or line end 行首行尾标点挤压 行首行尾標點擠壓
When a punctuation mark appears at line start or line end, the following rules for space adjustment will make the composition tighter and more readable.
标点符号出现在行首或行尾时，以下的空隙调整规则使文字体裁更加紧凑、易读。
標點符號出現在一行之首或之末時，以下的空隙調整規則得以使文字體裁更加緊湊、易讀。
For the case of line head indent, if an opening bracket is set at the beginning of the first line of the paragraph, half a character space can be reduced ahead of the bracket.
使用段首缩进格式的排版中，若首行行首出现开始夹注符号，可以缩减该符号始侧二分之一个汉字大小的空白。
使用段首縮進格式的排版中，若首行行首出現開始夾注符號，可以縮減該符號始側二分之一個漢字大小的空白。
When an opening bracket appears at the beginning of a line, half a character space can be reduced ahead of the bracket.
当行首出现开始夹注符号，可以缩减该符号始侧二分之一个汉字大小的空白。
當行首出現開始夾注符號，可以縮減該符號始側二分之一個漢字大小的空白。
When a closing bracket appears at the end of a line, half a character space can be reduced behind the bracket.
当行尾出现结束夹注符号时，可以缩减其末侧二分之一个汉字大小的空白。
當行尾出現結束夾注符號時，可以縮減其末側二分之一個漢字大小的空白。
According to section 5.1.10 of the General Rules for Punctuation (GB/T 15834-2011), when a full-width punctuation character appears at the end of a line, it can be reduced to half a character width.
3.1.7 Hanging Punctuation at Line End 行尾点号悬挂 行尾點號懸掛
Most Chinese publications do not use hanging punctuation at line end. According to the Japanese Layout Requirements document, hanging punctuation at the line end is a kind of extension of the prohibition rules at line start. This rule helps to avoid moving characters or punctuation marks between lines and avoids inconsistency of space between the characters in different lines.
In general, the punctuation marks that can be hung at the line end include slight-pause comma, comma and period. In Simplified Chinese, all the pause or stop punctuation marks overhang the line end since they are positioned at the starting point of the character frame.
If a punctuation mark (slight-pause comma, comma or period) is expected to be at the start of a line, it should be placed at the end of the previous line, to fit in the type area.
若点号（顿号、逗号或句号）将出现于行首，可将其置于前一行的行尾端、突出版心。
若點號（頓號、逗號或句號）將出現於一行之首，可將其置於前一行的行尾端、突出版心。
However, in Taiwan and Hong Kong, since punctuation marks are positioned in the vertical and horizontal center, hanging the punctuation marks might make an abrupt affect on the composition. Therefore, Traditional Chinese does not apply hanging punctuation in horizontal writing mode but only in vertical writing mode.
In the case of a succession of punctuation marks, punctuation hanging should not be applied.
连续多个标点符号的情况下，不作行尾点号悬挂的配置。
連續多個標點符號的情況下，不作行尾點號懸掛的配置。
3.2 Composition of Chinese and Western Mixed Texts 中、西文混排处理 中、西文混排處理
3.2.1 Composition of Chinese and Western Mixed Text 中文与西文的混排 中文與西文的混排
There are many examples in Chinese text where Western characters, such as Latin letters, Greek letters, or European numerals, are found alongside Han characters. The following are just a few examples:
中文排版中，汉字与拉丁字母、希腊字母或阿拉伯数字等西文混排的状况经常出现，以下列举部分范例。
中文排版中，漢字與拉丁字母、希臘字母或阿拉伯數字等西文混排的狀況經常出現，以下列舉部分範例。
One Western letter used as a symbol for something, such as 'A' or 'B'.
使用西文字母作为记号使用，如 A、B。
使用西文字母作為記號使用，如「A」「B」。
A Western word is used in a Chinese context, such as 'editor'.
直接使用如“editor”的西文单词。
直接使用如「editor」的西文單字詞。
Acronyms, such as 'DTP' or 'GDP'.
使用如DTP、GDP等，与组织名、专有名词等的首字母缩写。
使用如DTP、GDP等與組織名、專有名詞等首字母縮寫。
Book titles or authors in references to Western books that use the original spelling.
呈现西文文献等的作者名、书名等采用原本表记的方式呈现。
呈現西文文獻等之作者名、書名等採原本表記的方式呈現。
European numerals used to express years or other numbers, such as '1999年'.
使用阿拉伯数字表示纪年、数量值、编号等，如“1999年”。
使用阿拉伯數字表示紀年、數量詞、編號等，如「1999年」。
Western numeric characters are also used in itemized lists and numbered headings, or as symbols for chemical elements or mathematical formulae. It can be seen from these examples that it is an everyday occurrence to find Western characters mixed with Han characters in Chinese composition.
Western numerals, sometimes called arabic, or arabic-indic numerals, are referred to as European numerals in the context of this document, unless notes indicate otherwise.
若无特别示，本文使用的“阿拉伯数字”皆指西方语言或欧洲形式的印度-阿拉伯数字。
若無特別提示，本文使用之「阿拉伯數字」皆指西方語言或歐洲形式的印度－阿拉伯數字。
Formerly, fullwidth ASCII characters were often used, either to make the presentation look orderly, or simply due to the poorly developed computer technologies available for text layout. Nowadays, typesetting engines allow for proportional or monospace fonts, as required, rather than forcing the user to resort to the old fullwidth blocks of Latin letters and European numerals.
When Western texts are mixed with Han characters, Chinese style punctuation and its common usage should be used in principle since the main text is Chinese. However, in the case of technical documents, if plenty of formulae are contained in the text, the full stop can be unified with the western-style period, U+002E FULL STOP [.], and the ellipsis can be unifed with the western-style ellipsis, U+2026 HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS […]. The way glyphs are positioned relative to the character frame follows the Western convention for both Simplified and Traditional text. Also in textbooks on the grammar of Western languages, which contain plenty of example sentences mixed with Chinese, the aforementioned western-style periods can be used.
中西混排中，由于正文是中文，原则上应该使用中文标点，遵守中文标点的习惯用法。但是，涉及公式较多的科学技术中文图书，句号可以统一使用西文句号U+002E FULL STOP [.]，省略号可以使用西文省略号U+2026 HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS […]，字面分布按西文习惯；又或西文例句较多且多与中文混排的中文版西文语法教材，亦可使用前述的西文句号。
中西混排中，由於正文是中文，原則上應該使用中文標點，遵守中文標點的習慣用法。但是，涉及公式較多的科學技術中文圖書，句號可以統一使用西文句號U+002E FULL STOP [.]，刪節號可以使用西文刪節號U+2026 HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS […]，字面分布按西文習慣；又或西文例句較多且多與中文混排的中文版西文語法教材，亦可使用前述的西文句號。
3.2.2 Mixed Text Composition in Horizontal Writing Mode 横排的中、西文混排配置 橫排的中、西文混排配置
In horizontal writing mode, the basic approach uses proportional fonts to represent Western text and uses proportional or monospace fonts for European numerals. In principle, there is tracking or spacing between an adjacent Han character and a Western character of up to one quarter of a Han character width, except at the line start or end.
Another approach is to use a Western word space (U+0020 SPACE), in which case the width depends on the font in use.
或可使用西文词间空格（U+0020 SPACE [ ]，其宽度随不同字体有所变化）。
或可使用西文詞間空格（U+0020 SPACE [ ]，其寬度隨不同字體有所變化）。
3.2.3 Mixed Text Composition in Vertical Writing Mode 直排的中、西文混排配置 直排的中、西文混排配置
For vertical writing mode, the following list describes methods of setting Western letters and European numerals:
直排时，西文与阿拉伯数字的配置有以下三种方法：
直排時，西文與阿拉伯數字的配置有以下三種方法：
Setting Western letters with Han character width monospace fonts. Letters or European numerals follow each other, one at a time, in the same direction and orientation as the Han characters. This arrangement is usually adopted where the text contains a single letter or digit, or an acronym (such as GDP).
Setting Western letters with proportional fonts, rotated 90 degrees clockwise. This approach is usually adopted where Latin letters compose a word or sentence. There is tracking or spacing between a Han character and an adjacent Western letter or European numeral, up to a width of one quarter of a Han character, except at the line start or end.
Setting European numerals with proportional fonts in horizontal-in-vertical orientation. This style is usually adopted when dealing with a two to three digit number whose width is equal to the default line advance or slightly wider (within an acceptable range).
Han numerals are usually used in vertical writing mode, however, in recent years it is becoming more common to see fullwidth European numerals and proportional numerals set as horizontal-in-vertical.
直排时多使用汉字数字，然而近年使用西文数字的情况渐有增长，纵中横排亦颇为常见。
直排時多使用漢字數字，然而近年使用西文數字的情況漸有增長，縱中橫排亦頗為常見。
Note
Quotation marks are usually not used in vertical writing mode (corner brackets are used instead). However, when quoting Western text, quotation marks are sometimes used to match Western style. In this case, the orientation of the quotation marks must follow the quoted Western text (rotated 90° clockwise).
3.2.4 Handling Western Text in Chinese Text Using Proportional Western Fonts 西文使用比例字体时的混排处理 西文使用比例字體時的混排處理
The following provides composition rules for handling Western characters and European numerals in horizontal writing mode or for situations in vertical writing mode where the Western words/phrases or European numerals are rotated 90 degrees clockwise:
A sequence of Western characters in a Western word should not break across a line-break, except where hyphenation is allowed.
西文单字词在可使用连字符处外，不得分隔为两行。
西文單字詞在可使用連字符處之外，不得分隔為兩行。
Tracking or spacing between a Han character and a Western letter or numeral is up to a quarter of the width of a Han character.
汉字与西文字母之间，原则上使用不多于四分之一个汉字宽的字距或空白。
漢字與西文字母之間，原則上使用不多於四分之一個漢字寬的字距或空白。
Justified text alignment is an important feature of Chinese composition. It is harder to align text as expected when a line contains Western characters. Typically, spacing or tracking is applied equally across the line, but such adjustments are only applied between Han characters or between Han and Western letters. The spacing is not equally distributed between characters in Western words and/or European numerals.
Tracking or spacing of Western letters or European numerals before the line start or after the line end are not justified.
位于行首的西文与阿拉伯数字之前、位于行尾的西文与阿拉伯数字之后不调整字距或加入空白。
位於行頭的西文與阿拉伯數字之前、位於行尾的西文與阿拉伯數字之後不調整字距或加入空白。
Tracking or spacing of Western letters or European numerals is not adjusted before or after Chinese commas or full stops, nor after Chinese opening and before Chinese closing brackets.
在中文点号前后、中文开始夹注符号之后、结束夹注符号之前的西文，不调整字距或加入空白。
於中文點號前後、中文開始夾注符號之後、結束夾注符號之前的西文，不調整字距或加入空白。
3.2.5 Handling of Grid Alignment in Chinese and Western Mixed Text Composition 纵横对齐下的中西文混排处理 縱橫對齊下的中西文混排處理
Due to the fact that each Han character is of the same width, not only should characters at the start and end of a line be aligned but it is also a requirement for characters within blocks of Han text to be aligned both vertically and horizontally, whether in vertical or horizontal writing mode. When Western text or European numerals are present, this principle is harder to achieve. Possible approaches are listed below:
Instead of a quarter Han-width tracking between Han and Western letters, it is possible to use flexible spacing of up to half a Han character width. This brings the space occupied by Western characters to a multiple of the width of a Han character. In this way, both the Han character before and after the Western language span snaps to the grid lines.
When a Western word appears at the line end and needs to be broken, rather than breaking the word at a syllable boundary per the Western convention, the word may be forced to break at the line end, in order to ensure correct alignment.
当西文位于行尾必须断行时，不需遵照西文从音节断行的惯例，在行尾强制断行，以确保行尾对齐。
當西文位於行尾必須斷行時，不遵照西文從音節斷行的慣例，於行尾強制斷行，以確保行尾對齊。
Note
When using grid alignment, it is recommended to deal with line end punctuation marks by hanging the first of them outside the type area as mentioned in section § 3.1.7 Hanging Punctuation at Line End 行尾点号悬挂 行尾點號懸掛 . In situations that involve consecutive punctuation marks, the second and following punctuation marks are allowed to appear at the line start.
Grid alignment is adopted more often in Traditional Chinese typesetting, whereas use in Simplified Chinese is rare.
纵横对齐多使用于繁体中文排版，简体中文较为少见。
縱橫對齊多使用於繁體中文排版，簡體中文較為少見。
3.3 Interlinear annotations 行间注 行間注
3.3.1 Usage of Interlinear Annotations 行间注的用途 行間注的用途
Chinese interlinear annotation, also known as ruby, refers to small, supplementary text attached to certain characters or words in the main text. Chinese interlinear annotation is usually set in the interlinear space and aligned to the corresponding base text which it annotates. In Chinese typesetting, Chinese interlinear annotation is mainly used to indicate pronunciation or meaning.
3.3.1.1 Indicating the Pronunciation for Chinese characters 为汉字标注读音 為漢字標注讀音
In Chinese, interlinear annotation is most commonly used to indicate the pronunciation of Han characters. Presenting the pronunciation alongside the characters is a great help to beginners, especially to children who are native speakers, or to foreigners intending to study Chinese. Therefore, it is rare to annotate isolated Han characters. Instead, phonetic annotations tend to cover the full text. Also, it is not regular practice in Chinese layout to use interlinear annotation for pronunciation outside these educational contexts, even for the pronunciation of rarely used characters, although sometimes pronunciation is provided inline, possibly within brackets.
There are two major annotation systems for indicating Chinese pronunciation: Zhuyin and Romanization.
中文的标音方案有注音符号与罗马拼音两大类：
中文的标音方案有注音符号与羅馬拼音两大类：
Zhuyin.
注音符号
注音符号
Mandarin Phonetic Symbols (國語注音符號) or Taiwanese Dialect Phonetic Symbols (台灣方音符號), hereinafter referred to as ‘Zhuyin’, are systems for phonetic annotation mainly used in Taiwan, although other areas may also include Zhuyin in certain dictionaries or textbooks. In most cases, Zhuyin appears on the right side of its corresponding base text. Exceptions are very rare.
Figure 9 An example of positioning for Zhuyin in vertical and horizontal writing modes. 注音符号在直、横排下的行间注排版示例。 注音符號在直、橫排下的行間注排版示例。
Romanization.
罗马拼音
羅馬拼音
Hanyu Pinyin (汉语拼音), now the official standard in Mainland China, uses the Latin alphabet to transcribe the Modern Standard Chinese (Mandarin) pronunciations of Chinese characters. The most common use case in Mainland China is to indicate the pronunciation for all characters of the full text with Hanyu Pinyin. In Taiwan and areas that use Chinese dialects in China, the arrangement of the Taiwanese Romanization System for Minnan (台灣閩南語羅馬字), or romanization systems of other Chinese dialects are similar to those of Hanyu Pinyin.
Due to the characteristics of the Latin alphabet, such annotations appear in horizontal writing mode only. Texts for children who are native speakers usually provide reading assistance for each individual character, while texts for those who are learning Chinese as a second language mainly indicate pronunciation for whole words, but occasionally, both of them are set almost the same. There is space between the base text when whole words are annotated, and the interlinear annotation characters will have unique requirements such as sentence case, or punctuation marks corresponding to base characters. The composition of early publications using pinyin was quite variable and not consistent. In general, both character-based and word-based annotations were quite common. No further description of the early pinyin will be found in this document.
Figure 10 An example of positioning for Romanization. 罗马拼音行间注的排版示例。 羅馬拼音行間注的排版示例。
3.3.1.2 Indicating Meaning or Other Additional Information 标注释义等非语音信息 標注釋義等非語音信息
Bilingual Annotations.
中外文对照
中外文對照
Bilingual annotations aim to provide a Chinese translation of text in foreign languages or acronyms, or to offer the original text for words that have been translated into Chinese. This is mainly used for proper nouns, titles or those terms whose concepts are difficult to convey after translation. It is commonly found in translated works, mainly in light novels.
Figure 11 An example of positioning for billingual annotations. 中外文对照行间注的排版示例。 中外文對照行間注的排版示例。
Interlinear Comments.
行间批语
行間批語
Interlinear comments are ways to annotate the meaning of text fragments or a single word, and are so named for their interlinear positioning. They usually lie in the interlinear space and co-exist with the body text. Compared to other annotation methods, i.e. headnotes or footnotes, interlinear comments are more compact and stick better to the body. These kinds of comments are often found in ancient books, such as Rouge Inkstone, an early commentary of the novel Dream of the Red Chamber.
3.3.2 Overview of Interlinear Annotation Positioning 行间注排版概述 行間注排版概述
In vertical writing mode, Zhuyin, Romanization or bilingual annotations are usually placed on the right side of the base text (Han characters), while interlinear comments are often placed on the left side. In horizontal writing mode, Zhuyin can be placed above the base text, but in most cases they are still set to the right side of the base text. On the other hand, Romanization and bilingual annotations can appear both above or below the base text, and the interlinear comments are usually placed at the bottom of the base text.
In principle, Zhuyin Phonetic Symbols are of the same size, and the number of Zhuyin symbols for one Han character is never more than three, which is quite easily manageable. Romanization, however, uses Latin letters whose sizes are proportional, their composed lengths are varied and there should be spaces between the words. Thus, these two kinds of phonetic annotations differ greatly in positioning.
Annotating with both Romanization and Zhuyin is a practical way to indicate the reading to readers who know only one of these systems, as well as helping study of or enquiries about the other one. Normally, when Romanization and Zhuyin are both provided, the Zhuyin are placed on the right side of the Han character while Romanization is set at the bottom of the Han character in horizontal writing mode and to the left side in vertical writing mode.
Figure 12 An example of positioning for both Romanization and Zhuyin 拼注音共同标注排版示例。 拼注音共同標注排版示例。
3.3.3 Positioning of Zhuyin Interlinear Annotations 注音符号标音的排版 注音符號標音的排版
3.3.3.1 Positioning of Zhuyin Symbols 注音符号的位置 注音符號的位置
According to the Handbook of Mandarin Phonetic Symbols (國語注音符號手冊) released by the Ministry of Education in Taiwan, there are two standard ways of positioning Zhuyin: above the corresponding Han character (horizontal Zhuyin), or on the right side of the corresponding Han character (vertical Zhuyin). The use cases for putting Zhuyin above the base characters are rarely found in today's textbooks or other publications, and it is rarely used by the public at large. Therefore, it's always better practice to place Zhuyin annotations on the right side of their corresponding Han character, whether in horizontal or vertical writing mode.
3.3.3.2 Choice of Size and Ratio for Zhuyin Symbols 注音符号的比例与大小 注音符號的比例與大小
Figure 13 The ratios of base characters and their Zhuyin annotations. 注音符号行间注下，基字与注文的比例。 注音符號行間注下，基字與注文的比例。
The size of Zhuyin annotation marks, including the phonetic symbols and their tones, should not exceed the size of the corresponding base characters. When Zhuyin annotation marks are placed above or to the right side of the base characters, the width of the Zhuyin annotation marks should not exceed the size of the corresponding base characters.
When Zhuyin annotations are placed to the right side of base characters, in principle they should take half of the space of the corresponding base characters. The space should include the phonetic symbols as well as the tone marks. Zhuyin annotations without tone marks, such as the level tone in Mandarin, should take the same amount of space as annotations with tone marks.
In vertical writing mode, when Zhuyin annotations are placed to the right side of the base characters (vertical Zhuyin), the line gap of the paragraph, where the Zhuyin annotations should be placed, needs more than 1.5 times that of the base characters. The type area should be designed to allow the proper space for the line gap. If the line gap is more than 1.5 times that of the height of the base character, the line gap should not be affected, whether there are Zhuyin annotations between the lines or not.
In horizontal writing mode, when Zhuyin annotations are placed to the right side of the base characters (vertical Zhuyin), the spaces between the base characters, where the Zhuyin annotations are placed, should be at least half of the width of those characters. To achieve grid alignment, the characters without Zhuyin annotations, such as punctuation marks, Western words and indented space should keep the same space as well.
In principle, the size of Zhuyin annotations (including the phonetic symbols and the tone marks) to that of base characters ratio should be 3:10. In vertical Zhuyin, Zhuyin annotations should be vertically center-aligned to the base character, while in horizontal Zhuyin, Zhuyin annotations should be center-aligned over the base character beneath them.
The percentage rules above assume that all the tone marks (ˊˇˋ˪˫ㆴㆵㆶㆷ) and the neutral tone mark (˙) are set with the same font size as that of the base characters.
所用字体中，平上去入声（ˊˇˋ˪˫ㆴㆵㆶㆷ）及轻声（˙）等调号皆应与汉字尺寸一致，方适用以上比例。
所用字體中，平上去入聲（ˊˇˋ˪˫ㆴㆵㆶㆷ）及輕聲（˙）等調號皆應與漢字尺寸一致，方適用以上比例。
Note
In vertical Zhuyin, the width of the space taken by the neutral tone mark does not change but the height ratio to the base character should be 1:15. In horizontal Zhuyin, the height of the space taken by the neutral tone mark does not change but the width ratio to the base character should be 1:15.
When annotating Zhuyin for paragraphs with characters in larger sizes, the size of the Zhuyin annotations can be adjusted accordingly.
为字号较大的段落（如标题）标注注音时，可视情况调整注音符号的比例与大小。
為字號較大的段落（如標題）標注注音時，可視情況調整注音符號的比例與大小。
3.3.3.3 Positioning of the Tones in Zhuyin Symbols 注音符号的声调号位置 注音符號的聲調號位置
Mandarin non-neutral tones and dialectal non-checked tones, are placed outside the upper right corner of the last phonetic symbol. In vertical Zhuyin, half the space taken by a tone mark will be above the top of the adjacent phonetic character; in horizontal Zhuyin, half the space taken by a tone mark will appear to the right of the phonetic character. As seen in Figure 14.
Figure 15 The positioning for Zhuyin in dialectal checked tones. 各种注音符号组合及其调号（入声）的排版。 各種注音符號組合及其調號（入聲）的排版。
The Mandarin neutral tone comes before the phonetic symbols. In vertical Zhuyin, the height of the tone mark is 10% of that of its base character, while its width is the same as that of the phonetic characters. In horizontal Zhuyin, the width of the tone mark is 10% of that of its base characters, while its height is the same as that of the phonetic characters. As seen in Figure 16.
Figure 16 The positioning for Zhuyin in Mandarin neutral tones. 各种注音符号组合及其调号（轻声）的排版。 各種注音符號組合及其調號（輕聲）的排版。Note
In Mandarin Chinese there are syllables that are, when part of certain words or sentences, intentionally read in a shorter and less-emphasized way, therefore losing their original tone. When any syllable is read in this way, we say that it has a neutral tone or is “toneless”.
3.3.3.4 Examples of Zhuyin annotations 注音标音排版用例 注音標音排版用例
Figure 17 Examples of annotations with a single Zhuyin phonetic symbol and how they cooperate with different kinds of tones. 单个注音符号构成的拼式及其搭配各种声调的示例。 單個注音符號構成的拼式及其搭配各種聲調的示例。
Figure 18 Examples of annotations with two Zhuyin phonetic symbols and how they cooperate with different kinds of tones. 两个注音符号构成的拼式及其搭配各种声调的示例。 兩個注音符號構成的拼式及其搭配各種聲調的示例。
Figure 19 Examples of annotations with three Zhuyin phonetic symbols and how they cooperate with different kinds of tones. 三个注音符号构成的拼式及其搭配各种声调的示例。 三個注音符號構成的拼式及其搭配各種聲調的示例。
3.3.3.5 Line Prohibition Rules for Zhuyin 注音标音分离禁则 注音標音分離禁則
Like the line prohibition rules for punctuation, vertical Zhuyin annotations should stick to their base characters in horizontal writing mode. They must not appear in the line head, and must be placed on the right side of their corresponding Han character.
3.3.4 Positioning of Romanized Interlinear Annotations 罗马拼音标音的排版 羅馬拼音標音的排版
3.3.4.1 Basic Requirements 基本规则 基本規則
Romanization is only available in horizontal writing mode. These phonetic annotations are usually placed on top of the base text. In general, phonetic annotations and their base text stick to each other regardless of space, and both of them are center-aligned.
仅横排。注文通常置于基文上方。两者不论宽窄关系如何皆密排，居中对齐。
仅横排。注文通常置于基文上方。二者不论宽窄关系如何皆密排，居中对齐。
In special cases where Romanization is needed in vertical writing mode, the annotations are usually set to the right side of their corresponding base text, but it is difficult to read anyway.
被迫用于直排文本标音时，注文通常置于标音文本右侧，但难以阅读。
被迫於直排文本標音时，注文通常置于标音文本右侧，但难以阅读。
If a Romanized annotation is longer than its base text and is at the line head or end, both the annotation and the base text can be aligned with line head or end.
若注文长于基文且位于行端，两者可向行端对齐。
若注文长于基文且位于行端，二者可向行端对齐。
The space between two adjacent annotations should not be smaller than the size of a normal Western-language space, which is about 1/4 em. Due to the limitation of typesetting technologies, there is usually no space between the rather long phonetic annotations in many printed publications. Luckily, this is not likely to lead to ambiguity because each Han character contains one syllable and most Pinyin fragments are easy to tell apart. However, these annotations can be misleading sometimes. For example, character-based phonetic annotations may result in the false impression that they are word-based. Also, the accidentally concatenated annotations may disrupt word boundaries, which alters the semantic meanings of the words.
Annotations are allowed to extend over the top of the adjacent base text as long as the minimum spacing is ensured.
只要不侵犯最小间距，可允许注文伸展到相邻基字上方。
只要不侵犯最小間距，可允許注文伸展到相鄰基字上方。
As most target readers are beginners to Chinese, the body text is usually in larger sizes and in the Kai typeface.
因针对汉语初学者，正文通常用较大字号的楷体。
因針對漢語初學者，正文通常用較大字號的楷體。
Due to the fact that Latin letters are proportional (width unknown) and that the advance widths in different typefaces deviate greatly from one another, the relationship between the sizes of annotations and their base text is somewhat undetermined. Under the influence of the typesetting of Japanese furigana, however, annotations are usually of half size of the base text.
Annotations usually use a sans-serif typeface which is rather thin and plump. It is generally the opinion in publishing and in education that Hanyu Pinyin must use those typefaces in which ‘a’ and ‘g’ are single story and the second tone mark is thick on the lower part and thin on the upper, as in the handwritten style of the stroke. Actually there have never been any national standards specifying the typefaces and the glyphs for Hanyu Pinyin.
The General Association of Chinese Culture in Taiwan once wrote to the Ministry of Education in Mainland China about the rules for the glyphs of Hanyu Pinyin, and received the response that the glyphs of the letter ‘a’ and ‘g’ correspond to those of Latin. There is no requirement demanding the handwritten glyphs.
What follows is a detailed description of the difference between two typical use cases.
下文述两类典型用例之间的差异。
下文描述两类典型用例之间的差异。
3.3.4.2 Characters as the Basic Units for Annotating Pronunciation 单字标音 單字標音
The base text is a single Han character. Only Han characters are annotated: European numerals or punctuation marks are excluded.
基文为单个汉字。仅标注汉字，不标注阿拉伯数字、标点等字符。
基文为单个汉字。仅标注汉字，不标注阿拉伯数字、标点等字符。
The phonetic annotations are always on the top.
注文总是在上方。
注文总是在上方。
As the phonetic annotations are often wider than their base text, the tracking of the body text should be larger, to allow annotations to expand and to avoid irregular adjustments within the base text.
The phonetic annotations are all in lowercase. Proper nouns are sometimes capitalized.
注文全小写，有时专名首字母大写。
注文全小写，有時专名首字母大写。
3.3.4.3 Words as the Basic Units for Annotating Pronunciation 分词连写标音 分詞連寫標音
The base text contains one or more Han characters. Rules for separating terms can be found in Basic Rules of Hanyu Pinyin Orthography (GB/T 16159—2012).
Annotations sometimes appear below the Han characters.
注文有时在下方。
注文有时在下方。
Both the phonetic annotations and the base text are separated at word boundaries. The adjacent annotations are separated by an approximately 1/2 em wide space, while the tracking inside the base text is usually normal.
正文与标音双方皆分词连写。相邻基文之间有约1/2em的空格隔开，基文内部字距通常正常。
正文与标音双方皆分词连写。相邻基文之间有约1/2em的空格隔开，基文内部字距通常正常。
Many word-based annotations indicate the logic of the whole sentence, rather than merely the pronunciation: these phonetic annotations have capitalized sentences and capitalized proper names. Punctuation may also be included in these annotations, but is kept with a preceding annotation, as shown in Figure 20, and doesn't appear over the punctuation in the base text.
Figure 20 An example of words as the basic units for annotating pronunciation. 分词连写标音的排版示例。 分詞連寫標音的排版示例。
3.3.5 Atypical Cases for Han character Phonetic Annotations 汉字标音的非典型情况 漢字標音的非典型情況
3.3.5.1 Erhuayin 儿化音 兒化音
Erhuayin, also known as rhotacization of syllable finals, is a special phonetic phenomenon in Modern Standard Chinese (Mandarin). Due to the limitations of annotating single Han characters, the Zhuyin annotations fail to indicate the continuity of Erhuayin and the change of the final sound, while Romanization shows the features of Erhuayin effectively.
Figure 21 An example of positioning for Zhuyin in Mandarin rhotacization of syllable finals. 儿化音的排版示例。 兒化音的排版示例。
3.3.5.2 Ligatures 合文 合文
Ligatures are special for their multisyllabic nature, thus its interlinear annotation may be typeset incorrectly. The pronunciation of ligatures should be bracketed inline or given in notes instead. Ligatures are rare in the modern Chinese writing system.
Figure 22 An example of positioning Zhuyin inline, suitable for circumstances such as ligatures. 注音符号位行间时的排版示例，适用于合文等情况。 注音符號位行間時的排版示例，適用於合文等情況。
3.3.6 Positioning of Bilingual Annotations 中外文对照的排版 中外文對照的排版
Typesetting of bilingual annotations is actually quite similar to that of Romanization. Annotations are usually placed to the right of the base text in vertical writing mode, or above the base text in horizontal writing mode.
In order to maintain the integrity of annotations, when the lengths of annotations and their base text are different it is necessary to adjust the alignment between them to avoid misunderstandings.
When the length of an annotation is shorter than that of its base text, the annotation can be center-aligned (in the case of Western script) or use larger tracking (in the case of Han characters). There are two methods to satisfy the latter, one is to equally distribute the spacing while the other is to align justified.
When the length of an annotation is longer than that of its base text, the base text can be center-aligned (in the case of Western script) or use a larger tracking (in the case of Han characters).
当注文总长大于其基文的长度时，将基文设置居中（适用西文）或加大基文字距（适用汉字）。
當注文總長大於其基文的長度時，將基文設置居中（適用西文）或加大基文字距（適用漢字）。
3.3.7 Positioning of Interlinear Comments 行间批语的排版 行間批語的排版
Interlinear comments can have very varied layouts and lengths. They are usually placed at the foot side of the annotated text — to the left side of the base text in vertical writing mode or below the base text in horizontal writing mode. Sometimes the interlinear comments are in other colors to help the reader tell the difference from the body text.
Interlinear comments are also used to explain the context and details of a longer text fragment. In such cases, due to the ambiguity of the base text, the annotation can find a suitable place as an anchor and flow down. There's no strict requirement for its length, and sometimes it can be longer than one line.
3.4.1 Line Head Indent at the Beginning of Paragraphs 段首缩排 段首縮排
A paragraph, a section of a document which consists of one or more sentences to indicate a distinct idea, usually begins on a new line. For the related line head indent at the beginning of paragraphs, the following methods are available.
For Chinese publications, line head indent at the beginning of a paragraph usually uses two character width spaces. Publications like magazines, with multi-column content and less text in each column, might apply a single character width line head indent at the beginning of paragraph as well.
Line head indent at the beginning of a paragraph is applied to all paragraphs. Nearly all books and magazines make use of this method.
所有段落首行皆缩排。几乎所有的书籍与杂志皆使用此方法。
所有段落首行皆縮排。幾乎所有的書籍與雜誌皆使用此方法。
Line head indent does not apply to the first paragraph but to the rest of the paragraphs. This method is mostly seen in Western publications.
篇章最初段落的首行不缩排，其余段落首行缩排。此方法多见于西文书籍。
篇章最初段落的首行不縮排，其余段落首行縮排。此方法多見於西文書籍。
Line head indent at the beginning of a paragraph is not applied for any paragraph at all. A certain amount of space is inserted between the paragraphs so as to indicate the distinction between different paragraphs. In some books and magazines this method is applied.
所有段落首行皆不缩排，在段落与段落间加入一定程度的间距，作为间隔。部分书籍与杂志使用这种方式。
所有段落首行皆不予縮排，在段落與段落間加入一定程度的間距，以為區隔。部分書籍與雜誌使用這種方式。
In principle, some unfinished paragraphs should be broken rather than apply the line head indent for the following paragraph. Dialogs, quotations or subtitles that the editor inserted might appear before the unfinished paragraph.
In principle, there is no extra space between paragraphs in Chinese books. The space between the last line of the previous paragraph and the first line of the next paragraph stays the same as the space between the rest of the lines in the paragraph. If a blank line is inserted after a paragraph, usually it indicates the end of the section or chapter. If there is no indent but extra space is added among the lines as an indication of separation, no blank line should be inserted to indicate the end of the section or chapter.
Alongside the case of applying indents to the beginning of all lines, there is also the method that indents the second and following lines of the paragraph, called tupai [凸排] or itemization, used in cases such as dramatic script lines and lines starting with the name of a person. Numbered lists of items, questions and answers (Q&A), and legal provisions utilise this method as well. Though called tupai [凸排] or itemization, the beginning of the line should not go beyond the type area.
When the tupai [凸排] or itemization method is used, the indent of the second line and the rest usually takes a fixed amount of space such as three characters plus one colon which takes four-character space. When the name of a person is less than three characters, a certain amount of space should be inserted between the characters so as to keep the same width as four.
The paragraph indent is the indentation of the line head by a fixed amount, starting from the line head side of the type area (in the case of one column) or of the column area (in the case of several columns). This method is usually applied for quotations, poetry or subtitles in a paragraph or between the paragraphs.
Generally speaking, the characters in the paragraphs which apply paragraph indent should be the same as the characters in the body content. Sometimes, due to the different typefaces, the size of characters in the paragraphs which apply paragraph indent differ from the characters in the body content. In this case, a certain amount of space might be added before and after the indent paragraph so as to make a clear distinction from other paragraphs. The space added is usually an integer times the height of paragraphs in the body content
Line alignment method is a process for setting the alignment of each line of text so that the actual position of the text can be matched with their preset position. The following methods are available.
对齐系指使段落间各行文字实际配置位置能够与默认的文字配置位置符合。有着以下作法：
對齊係指使段落間各行文字實際配置位置能夠與預設的文字配置位置符合。有著以下作法：
Centering
居中对齐
置中對齊
The space between adjacent characters is, in principle, set solid. Also, if there is an explicit instruction to insert spaces, such spaces are inserted. This is used if characters are not set solid, but have a fixed space between characters; the amount of space at the line head and line end is made equal, and the center of the character sequence is unified with the center of the line.
The space between adjacent characters is, in principle, set solid. Also, if there is an explicit instruction to insert spaces, such spaces are inserted. This is used if characters are not set solid, but have a fixed space between characters; the start of the character sequence is unified with the line head, and if the line is not full, the line end is kept empty.
行内文字原则上紧贴配置，文字列开头与行首位置对齐，未满一行时，该行末字至行尾使用空白。
行內文字原則上緊貼配置，文字列開頭與行首位置對齊，未滿一行時，該行末字至行尾使用空白。
Line end alignment
行尾对齐
行尾對齊
The space between adjacent characters is, in principle, set solid. Also, if there is an explicit instruction to insert spaces, such spaces are inserted. This is used if characters are not set solid, but have a fixed space between characters; the end of the character sequence is unified with the line end, and if the line is not full, the line head is kept empty.
行内文字原则上紧贴配置，文字列末尾与行尾位置对齐，未满一行时，该行首字至行首使用空白。
行內文字原則上緊貼配置，文字列末尾與行尾位置對齊，未滿一行時，該行首字至行首使用空白。
Even inter-character spacing
均等排列
均等排列
The space between adjacent characters is, in principle, set solid. Also, if there is an explicit instruction to insert spaces, such spaces are inserted. In addition, using the space made available during line adjustment processing, equal character spacing is applied where possible. The start of the character sequence is aligned to the position of the line head, and the end of the character sequence to the position of the line end.
A frequently seen case of even inter-character spacing is that, after applying the punctuation prohibition rules to each line, some lines will have more than one character space left, so in order to align the beginning and ending with the rest of the lines, this line should apply even inter-character spacing.
Even inter-character spacing is often used for listing names of people or objects. The last line of a paragraph or a paragraph with only one line can have even inter-character spacing applied as well.
3.4.4 Handling of Widows and Orphans 孤行与孤字处理 孤行與孤字處理
In the tradition of Chinese composition, an orphan does not make a line, nor does a widow make a page. The principles are as described below.
中文排版传统上有着“孤字不成行、孤行不成页”的规则。实际原则如下：
中文排版傳統上有著「孤字不成行、孤行不成頁」的規則。實際原則如下：
If there is only one character or one character with a punctuation mark left in the last line of a paragraph, this character is called an orphan. An orphan can be processed using the following methods, so that more than two characters can be positioned in the last line of a paragraph.
Similar to the handling for the prohibition rule that punctuation marks should not appear at the line start, the last character of the previous line can be moved to the next line, and the previous line should apply even inter-character spacing.
按照避头点的处理方式，由前一行取一字至末行，前一行采均等排列。
比照避頭點的處理方式，由前一行取一字至末行，前一行採均等排列。
Delete some character(s) from the previous paragraph so that there will be enough space to move the orphan back to the previous line.
删减该段落文字，使孤字缩进段落前一行。
刪減該段落文字，使孤字縮進段落前一行。
Add more characters to the last line.
在该段落增加文字。
於該段落增加文字。
Note
The definition of orphan in Chinese typesetting has some similarity with the definition of orphan in Latin typesetting. Refer to section 5.2 of Requirements for Latin Text Layout and Pagination.
If the first line of a paragraph in a page is the last line of a paragraph from the previous page, it is called a widow. A widow can be handled via the following methods.
若页面中第一行为前一页最后一个段落的末行，即为孤行。孤行可以以下方法处理。
若頁面中第一行為前一頁最後一個段落的末行，即為孤行。孤行可以以下方法處理：
Move the widow line to the previous page and it can go beyond the tape area.
将孤行移至前一页，使其突出版心。
將孤行移至前一頁，使其突出版心。
Move the last line of the previous page to join the widow.
前一页最后段落取一行置于该页。
前一頁最後段落取一行置於該頁。
Delete some characters from the paragraph so that there will be enough space for the widow to be moved back to the previous page.
删除该段落文字，使该行能纳入前一页的段落。
刪除該段落文字，使該行能納入前一頁之段落。
Add more characters to the widow so that there will be more than two lines on the page.
Orphans and widows might differ in the cases below:
孤字孤行有着程度差异,如：
孤字孤行有著程度差異，如：
There is only one line in a page and the line consists of one character and a punctuation mark, which makes the text an orphan and widow at the same time.
一页仅有一行，该行仅有一个字与标点。即孤字孤行同时出现。
一頁僅有一行，該行僅有一字與標點。即孤字孤行同時出現。
There are multiple paragraphs in a page but the first line is a widow and the first line consists of one character and a punctuation mark, which makes the orphan and widow appear together.
一页有复数段落，第一行为孤行，且该行仅有一字与标点。即孤字孤行同时出现。
一頁有複數段落，第一行為孤行，且該行僅有一字與標點。即孤字孤行同時出現。
There is only one line in a page, which makes the line a widow.
一页仅有一行，该行为孤行。
一頁僅有一行，該行為孤行。
There are multiple paragraphs in a page but the first line is a widow.
一页有复数段落，第一行为孤行。
一頁有複數段落，第一行為孤行。
There are multiple paragraphs in a page but one of the lines consists of one character only, which make the only character an orphan.
一页有复数段落，其中某一段落末行仅有一字，该字为孤字。
一頁有複數段落，其中某一段落末行僅有一字，該字為孤字。
There are different viewpoints on how the orphans and widows should be handled in the cases above due to differences between publishers. Case (a) and case (b) have a bigger affect on typesetting while case (c) affects it less. Cases (d) and (e) are rarely seen.
