1. Introduction 绪论 緒論
1.1 Basic Features of Chinese Script 中文排版的主要特色 中文排版的主要特色
Chinese composition exhibits several differences from other writing systems. The major features include:
中文排版有别于其他书写体系,主要特点如下:
中文排版有別於其他書寫體系,主要特點如下:
The Chinese writing system can be broadly classified into either Traditional Chinese or Simplified Chinese. Chinese communities in different regions (e.g. Mainland China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau, Singapore, Malaysia etc.) may have their own regional standards. These differ with respect to which glyph represents a canonical vs. a variant shape, or how many strokes are contained in a given character. They may also have typographic layout rules specific to their own region.
中文的书写系统可以大致分为「繁体字」「简体字」系统,但是,使用中文的各个地区(中国大陆、台湾、香港、澳门、新加坡、马来西亚等)对汉字各自分别有不同的规范化形式,其具体字形、笔画多少存在差异,也会采用与其他地区不尽相同的排版规则。
中文的書寫系統可以大致分為「繁體字」「簡體字」系統,但是,使用中文的各個地區(中國大陸、台灣、香港、澳門、新加坡、馬來西亞等)對漢字各自分別有不同的規範化形式,其具體字形、筆劃多少存在差異,也會採用與其他地區不盡相同的排版規則。
There are two writing modes: vertical and horizontal. The former is often seen in publications from Taiwan, Hong Kong etc.
中文的书写方向有直排及横排两种,其中,前者多见于台湾、香港等地的中文出版品。
中文的書寫方向有直排及橫排二種,其中,前者多見於台灣、香港等地的中文出版品。
In principal, the characters, including Chinese (hanzi) characters and punctuation, used in Chinese composition are squares with the ratio of 1:1, and are seamlessly arranged with one another.
原则上,中文排版所使用的汉字和标点符号比例皆为1:1的正方形,将其无缝隙并列排成版面。
原則上,中文排版所使用的漢字與標點符號比例皆為1:1的正方形,將其無縫隙並列排成版面。
For most of the typographic rules described in this document, "regional differences" are more than "differences between Simplified and Traditional Chinese". For example, although most publications in Mainland China use Simplified Chinese characters in horizontal writing mode, a few publications use Traditional Chinese characters in horizontal or vertical writing mode, or Simplified characters in vertical writing mode. The typographical rules in Mainland China, such as the punctuation position rules specified in General Rules for Punctuation (GB/T 15834—2011) also apply to vertical or Traditional Chinese publications published in Mainland China. For vertical and Traditional Chinese publications published in Taiwan, Taiwan's typographic rules are used. Therefore, it is recommended that the user agents distinguish typographical rules by "region" rather than "Traditional or Simplified".
对于本文叙述重点的排版规则来说,「地区差异」大于「繁简差异」。比如,虽然中国大陆的大多数出版物均采用简体字、横排,但仍有少数采用繁体字横排、直排或者简体字直排;中国大陆的排版规则,如 GB/T 15834―2011《标点符号用法》中规定的标点符号位置同时也适用于中国大陆出版的直排、繁体字出版物。而台湾出版的直排、繁体字出版物则采用台湾的排版规则。因此建议各种用户代理处理排版规则时,应通过「区域」设置,而非「繁简」文本设置进行区分。
對於本文敘述重點的排版規則來說,「地區差異」大於「繁簡差異」。比如,雖然中國大陸的大多數出版物均採用簡體字、橫排,但仍有少數採用繁體字橫排、直排或者簡體字直排;中國大陸的排版規則,如 GB/T 15834―2011《標點符號用法》中規定的標點符號位置同時也適用於中國大陸出版的直排、繁體字出版物。而臺灣出版的直排、繁體字出版物則採用臺灣的排版規則。因此建議各種用戶代理處理排版規則時,應通過「區域」設置,而非「繁簡」文本設置進行區分。
1.2 Purpose of this document 目的 目的
Each cultural community has its own language, script and writing system. The transfer of each and every writing system into cyberspace is a task of utmost importance for information and communication technology.
每一个文化群体都拥有独自的语言、文字、书写系统。将个别书写系统在虚拟空间再现,对文化资产的承继而言,是信息传播技术的重要责任。
每一個文化群體都擁有獨自的語言、文字、書寫系統。將個別書寫系統在虛擬空間再現,對文化資產的承繼而言,是資訊傳播技術的重要責任。
As one of the basic work items of this task force, this document summarizes text composition requirements in the Chinese writing system. One of the goals of the task force is to describe issues for Chinese layout, another is to describe correspondences with existing standards (such as Unicode), as well as to encourage vendors to implement relevant features correctly.
作为实现这个责任的基础,本文整理了中文(汉字)书写系统在排版上的需求。一方面说明需求事项以明确描述中文排版之需求与问题;另一方面也提供与既有标准(如Unicode)的对应,冀求透过本文有效地促进实现。
作為實現這個責任的基礎,本文整理了中文(漢字)書寫系統在排版上的需求。一方面說明需求事項以明確描述中文排版之需求與問題;另一方面也提供與既有標準(如Unicode)的對應,冀求透過本文有效地促進實作。
1.3 How This Document Was Created 撰写方针 撰寫方針
1.3.1 Languages Used in this Document 本文档所使用的中文语言 本文檔所使用的中文語言
This document was developed by people working in different areas, using both Simplified and Traditional Chinese. We very much appreciate the contributions of the editors and collaborators from different linguistic backgrounds, and their willingness to collaborate across linguistic boundaries. In this early version of the Working Draft, the version of the script used for the Chinese text depends on the person who contributed the text. We plan to create separate translations of the Chinese text in future versions of this document, but at this early stage, the original contributions are kept as is to enable rapid development of the text.
本文的作者来自各个地区,包含繁 体中文使用者和简体中文使用者。我们感谢来自不同语言文化背景的编辑们及合作者们对本文档的贡献,并对他们跨越文化差异、共同致力完善本文档的美好愿景表 示钦佩。在本工作草稿的早期阶段,文中汉语所使用的版本取决于贡献此内容的编写者。未来的版本会逐步改善整理此混合文本,但在本阶段,原始文本将被保留以 快速完成和修正本文档。
本文的作者來自各個地區,包含繁 體中文使用者和簡體中文使用者。我們感謝來自不同語言文化背景的編輯們及合作者們對本文檔的貢獻,並對他們跨越文化差異、共同致力完善本文檔的美好願景表 示欽佩。在本工作草稿的早期阶段,文中漢語所使用的版本取决于貢獻此内容的编寫者。未来的版本会逐步改善整理此混合文本,但在本阶段,原始文本将被保留以 快速完成和修正本文檔。
You can view the document in a single language using the buttons at the top right corner of the page.
您可通过本页面右上方的按钮选择阅读文档的单一语言版本。
您可通過本頁面右上方的按鈕選擇閱讀文檔的單一語言版本。
1.3.2 Design Approach 设计原则 設計原則
This document mainly adopts the following policies to explain the features of Chinese composition:
本文基于上述前提,主要将中文排版的特征以下列方针解说。
本文基於上述前提,主要將中文排版的特徵以下列方針解說。
It does not fully cover all details of the Chinese composition system, but mainly describes the differences from Western Typesetting and Requirements for Japanese Text Layout.
不列举中文排版的各项细节,主要处理与西文排版、日文排版需求有所不同之处。
不列舉中文排版的各項細節,主要處理與西文排版、日文排版需求有所不同之處。
It explains in detail the similarities and differences among different areas and Traditional/Simplified Chinese composition.
详细说明各个地区使用繁、简中文排版规则间的差异与相同之处。
詳細說明各個地區使用繁、簡中文排版規則間的差異與相同之處。
It describes presentational results and considers these results as issues and requirements for Chinese text layout. Meanwhile, it offers principles or methods for handling these issues, without describing particular technological solutions.
说明中文排版所表现的结果,以及将其结果视为问题,即中文排版之需求。同时提供处理原理或方式,但不提出具体处理技术。
說明中文排版所表現的結果,以及將其結果視為問題,即中文排版之需求。同時提供處理原理或方式,但不提出具體處理技術。
It suggests solutions for, or explains, present-day issues that people face in Chinese composition.
针对目前中文排版上所遇到的不明确问题,试图提出处理方法,或以列举的方式提出说明。
針對目前中文排版上所遇到的不明確問題,試圖提出處理方法,或以列舉的方式提出說明。
It provides typical instances of Chinese composition and their actual use cases as much as possible.
我们也尽可能地提供中文排版的实际范例,并且在注释中说明该排版方式会应用于何种状况。
我們也盡可能地提供中文排版的實際範例,並且在注釋中說明該排版方式會應用於何種狀況。
In consideration of non-Chinese readers of this document, figures are used for explanation wherever possible.
考虑到未曾接触过中文排版的读者,尽可能地以图解来呈现。
考慮到未曾接觸過中文排版的讀者,盡可能地以圖解來呈現。
It mainly explains modern Chinese publications, going back as far as the introduction of moveable type for Chinese printing. Although there are some differences between those early printed publications and current day publications, they are still considered part of Chinese composition. The document does not yet fully cover ancient books. Future editions may be revised to cover composition of such ancient publications.
本文所提出的中文排版以近代为主,并追溯至金属活字印刷的成熟期,与现今流通的书籍排版也许有所不同,但依然属于中文排版规则。至于古籍排版,非本文件所及,待日后再依状况增修。
本文所提出的中文排版以近代為主,並追溯至金屬活字印刷的成熟期,與現今流通的書籍排版也許有所不同,但依然屬於中文排版規則。至於古籍排版,非本文件所及,待日後再依狀況增修。
For non-Chinese readers, frequency of use is indicated for each requirement. These frequencies are not the outcome of any accurate research, but arise from the long experience of the authors. Non-Chinese readers should understand that they are intuitive for ordinary Chinese readers. These frequencies serve to provide a general guidance for the prioritization of issues.
我们也对日常上不会接触到中文排版的读者简单说明各排版需求的使用频率。但频率并非实际调查的结果,而是作者依经验所做的判断。即日常的中文读者可能做出的判断,让非中文读者理解其使用频率。简单而言,表示该排版处理的重要性,而并非信息的准确性。
我們也對日常上不會接觸到中文排版的讀者簡單說明各排版需求的使用頻率。但頻率並非實際調查之結果,而是作者依經驗所做的判斷。即日常的中文讀者可能做出的判斷,讓非中文讀者理解其使用頻率。簡單而言,表示該排版處理的重要性,而並非資訊的準確性。
The main target of this document is common books. But other publications, such as magazines or newspapers, are also included.
本文以书籍作为主要描述对象,但也包括杂志、报纸等不同排版方式。
本文以書籍作為主要描述對象,但也包括雜誌、報紙等不同排版方式。