升级到最新版本
Flask 如同其它软件一样，会随着时间不停地更新自己，其中大部分都会是非常体贴的， 你无需改动一行自身代码就可以应用新版本的 Flask。
不过，每当 Flask 有更新时，我们都建议你适当地修改自己的代码，以充分地利用这些新功能， 提高自己代码地质量。
本章节文档为您列举了 Flask 各版本之间地差异，以及你如何修改自身代码才能无痛地升级。
如果你使用 easy_install 命令更新、安装 Flask，确保命令中包括 -U 参数
$ easy_install -U FlaskVersion 0.10
版本 0.9 到 0.10 最大变化在于 cookie 序列化格式从 pickle 转变为了专门的 JSON 格式， 这一更新是为了避免密钥丢失时遭受黑客攻击带来损失。在更新是你会注意到以下两大主要变化： all sessions that were issued before the upgrade are invalidated and you can only store a limited amount of types in the session. The new sessions are by design much more restricted to only allow JSON with a few small extensions for tuples and strings with HTML markup.
为了避免破坏用户的 session 数据，你可以使用 Flask 扩展 Flask-OldSessions_ 来代替原先的 session。
Version 0.9
从函数中返回元组的操作被简化了，返回元组时你不再需要为你创建的 response 对象定义参数了， The behavior of returning tuples from a function was simplified. If you return a tuple it no longer defines the arguments for the response object you’re creating, it’s now always a tuple in the form (response, status, headers) where at least one item has to be provided. 如果你的代码依赖于旧版本，可以通过创建 Flask 的子类简单地解决这个问题
class TraditionalFlask(Flask):
def make_response(self, rv):
if isinstance(rv, tuple):
return self.response_class(*rv)
return Flask.make_response(self, rv)如果你维护的扩展曾使用 _request_ctx_stack ，可以考虑降至替换为 _app_ctx_stack，但仍须检查是否可行。例如，对于操作数据的扩展来说，app context stack 更说得通，在请求无关的用例中使用它比 request stack 处理起来更容易。
Version 0.8
Flask introduced a new session interface system. We also noticed that there was a naming collision between flask.session the module that implements sessions and flask.session which is the global session object. With that introduction we moved the implementation details for the session system into a new module called flask.sessions. If you used the previously undocumented session support we urge you to upgrade.
If invalid JSON data was submitted Flask will now raise a BadRequest exception instead of letting the default ValueError bubble up. This has the advantage that you no longer have to handle that error to avoid an internal server error showing up for the user. If you were catching this down explicitly in the past as ValueError you will need to change this.
Due to a bug in the test client Flask 0.7 did not trigger teardown handlers when the test client was used in a with statement. This was since fixed but might require some changes in your testsuites if you relied on this behavior.
Version 0.7
In Flask 0.7 we cleaned up the code base internally a lot and did some backwards incompatible changes that make it easier to implement larger applications with Flask. Because we want to make upgrading as easy as possible we tried to counter the problems arising from these changes by providing a script that can ease the transition.
The script scans your whole application and generates an unified diff with changes it assumes are safe to apply. However as this is an automated tool it won’t be able to find all use cases and it might miss some. We internally spread a lot of deprecation warnings all over the place to make it easy to find pieces of code that it was unable to upgrade.
We strongly recommend that you hand review the generated patchfile and only apply the chunks that look good.
If you are using git as version control system for your project we recommend applying the patch with path -p1 < patchfile.diff and then using the interactive commit feature to only apply the chunks that look good.
To apply the upgrade script do the following:
Download the script: flask-07-upgrade.py
Run it in the directory of your application:
python flask-07-upgrade.py > patchfile.diffReview the generated patchfile.
Apply the patch:
patch -p1 < patchfile.diffIf you were using per-module template folders you need to move some templates around. Previously if you had a folder named templates next to a blueprint named admin the implicit template path automatically was admin/index.html for a template file called templates/index.html. This no longer is the case. Now you need to name the template templates/admin/index.html. The tool will not detect this so you will have to do that on your own.
Please note that deprecation warnings are disabled by default starting with Python 2.7. In order to see the deprecation warnings that might be emitted you have to enabled them with the warnings module.
If you are working with windows and you lack the patch command line utility you can get it as part of various Unix runtime environments for windows including cygwin, msysgit or ming32. Also source control systems like svn, hg or git have builtin support for applying unified diffs as generated by the tool. Check the manual of your version control system for more information.
Bug in Request Locals
Due to a bug in earlier implementations the request local proxies now raise a RuntimeError instead of an AttributeError when they are unbound. If you caught these exceptions with AttributeError before, you should catch them with RuntimeError now.
Additionally the send_file() function is now issuing deprecation warnings if you depend on functionality that will be removed in Flask 1.0. Previously it was possible to use etags and mimetypes when file objects were passed. This was unreliable and caused issues for a few setups. If you get a deprecation warning, make sure to update your application to work with either filenames there or disable etag attaching and attach them yourself.
Old code:
return send_file(my_file_object)
return send_file(my_file_object)New code:
return send_file(my_file_object, add_etags=False)Upgrading to new Teardown Handling
We streamlined the behavior of the callbacks for request handling. For things that modify the response the after_request() decorators continue to work as expected, but for things that absolutely must happen at the end of request we introduced the new teardown_request() decorator. Unfortunately that change also made after-request work differently under error conditions. It’s not consistently skipped if exceptions happen whereas previously it might have been called twice to ensure it is executed at the end of the request.
If you have database connection code that looks like this:
@app.after_request
def after_request(response):
g.db.close()
return responseYou are now encouraged to use this instead:
@app.teardown_request
def after_request(exception):
if hasattr(g, 'db'):
g.db.close()On the upside this change greatly improves the internal code flow and makes it easier to customize the dispatching and error handling. This makes it now a lot easier to write unit tests as you can prevent closing down of database connections for a while. You can take advantage of the fact that the teardown callbacks are called when the response context is removed from the stack so a test can query the database after request handling:
with app.test_client() as client:
resp = client.get('/')
# g.db is still bound if there is such a thing
# and here it's goneManual Error Handler Attaching
While it is still possible to attach error handlers to Flask.error_handlers it’s discouraged to do so and in fact deprecated. In generaly we no longer recommend custom error handler attaching via assignments to the underlying dictionary due to the more complex internal handling to support arbitrary exception classes and blueprints. See Flask.errorhandler() for more information.
The proper upgrade is to change this:
app.error_handlers[403] = handle_errorInto this:
app.register_error_handler(403, handle_error)Alternatively you should just attach the function with a decorator:
@app.errorhandler(403)
def handle_error(e):
...(Note that register_error_handler() is new in Flask 0.7)
Blueprint Support
Blueprints replace the previous concept of “Modules” in Flask. They provide better semantics for various features and work better with large applications. The update script provided should be able to upgrade your applications automatically, but there might be some cases where it fails to upgrade. What changed?
- Blueprints need explicit names. Modules had an automatic name guesssing scheme where the shortname for the module was taken from the last part of the import module. The upgrade script tries to guess that name but it might fail as this information could change at runtime.
- Blueprints have an inverse behavior for url_for(). Previously .foo told url_for() that it should look for the endpoint foo on the application. Now it means “relative to current module”. The script will inverse all calls to url_for() automatically for you. It will do this in a very eager way so you might end up with some unnecessary leading dots in your code if you’re not using modules.
- Blueprints do not automatically provide static folders. They will also no longer automatically export templates from a folder called templates next to their location however but it can be enabled from the constructor. Same with static files: if you want to continue serving static files you need to tell the constructor explicitly the path to the static folder (which can be relative to the blueprint’s module path).
- Rendering templates was simplified. Now the blueprints can provide template folders which are added to a general template searchpath. This means that you need to add another subfolder with the blueprint’s name into that folder if you want blueprintname/template.html as the template name.
If you continue to use the Module object which is deprecated, Flask will restore the previous behavior as good as possible. However we strongly recommend upgrading to the new blueprints as they provide a lot of useful improvement such as the ability to attach a blueprint multiple times, blueprint specific error handlers and a lot more.
Version 0.6
Flask 0.6 comes with a backwards incompatible change which affects the order of after-request handlers. Previously they were called in the order of the registration, now they are called in reverse order. This change was made so that Flask behaves more like people expected it to work and how other systems handle request pre- and postprocessing. If you depend on the order of execution of post-request functions, be sure to change the order.
Another change that breaks backwards compatibility is that context processors will no longer override values passed directly to the template rendering function. If for example request is as variable passed directly to the template, the default context processor will not override it with the current request object. This makes it easier to extend context processors later to inject additional variables without breaking existing template not expecting them.
Version 0.5
Flask 0.5 is the first release that comes as a Python package instead of a single module. There were a couple of internal refactoring so if you depend on undocumented internal details you probably have to adapt the imports.
The following changes may be relevant to your application:
- autoescaping no longer happens for all templates. Instead it is configured to only happen on files ending with .html, .htm, .xml and .xhtml. If you have templates with different extensions you should override the select_jinja_autoescape() method.
- Flask no longer supports zipped applications in this release. This functionality might come back in future releases if there is demand for this feature. Removing support for this makes the Flask internal code easier to understand and fixes a couple of small issues that make debugging harder than necessary.
- The create_jinja_loader function is gone. If you want to customize the Jinja loader now, use the create_jinja_environment() method instead.
Version 0.4
For application developers there are no changes that require changes in your code. In case you are developing on a Flask extension however, and that extension has a unittest-mode you might want to link the activation of that mode to the new TESTING flag.
Version 0.3
Flask 0.3 introduces configuration support and logging as well as categories for flashing messages. All these are features that are 100% backwards compatible but you might want to take advantage of them.
Configuration Support
The configuration support makes it easier to write any kind of application that requires some sort of configuration. (Which most likely is the case for any application out there).
If you previously had code like this:
app.debug = DEBUG
app.secret_key = SECRET_KEYYou no longer have to do that, instead you can just load a configuration into the config object. How this works is outlined in 配置处理.
Logging Integration
Flask now configures a logger for you with some basic and useful defaults. If you run your application in production and want to profit from automatic error logging, you might be interested in attaching a proper log handler. Also you can start logging warnings and errors into the logger when appropriately. For more information on that, read 记录应用错误.
Categories for Flash Messages
Flash messages can now have categories attached. This makes it possible to render errors, warnings or regular messages differently for example. This is an opt-in feature because it requires some rethinking in the code.
Read all about that in the 消息闪现 pattern.