7 边界匹配器

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小牛编辑
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2023-12-01

就目前而言,我们的兴趣在于指定输入字符串中某些位置是否有匹配,还没有考虑到字符串的匹配产生在什么地方。

通过指定一些边界匹配器(boundary matchers)的信息,可以使模式匹配更为精确。比如说你对某个特定的单词感兴趣,并且它只出现在行首或者是行尾时。又或者你想知道匹配发生在单词边界(word boundary),或者是上一个匹配的尾部。

下表中列出了所有的边界匹配器及其说明。

边界匹配器
^行首
$行尾
\b单词边界
\B非单词边界
\A输入的开头
\G上一个匹配的结尾
\Z输入的结尾,仅用于最后的结束符(如果有的话)
\z输入的结尾

接下来的例子中,说明了^$边界匹配器的用法。注意上表中,^匹配行首,$匹配行尾。

Enter your regex: ^dog$
Enter input string to search: dog
I found the text "dog" starting at index 0 and ending at index 3.

Enter your regex: ^dog$
Enter input string to search:       dog
No match found.

Enter your regex: \s*dog$
Enter input string to search:             dog
I found the text "            dog" starting at index 0 and ending at index 15.

Enter your regex: ^dog\w*
Enter input string to search: dogblahblah
I found the text "dogblahblah" starting at index 0 and ending at index 11.

第一个例子的匹配是成功的,这是因为模式占据了整个输入的字符串。第二个例子失败了,是由于输入的字符串在开始部分包含了额外的空格。第三个例子指定的表达式是不限的空格,后跟着在行尾的 dog。第四个例子,需要 dog 放在行首,后面跟的是不限数量的单词字符。

对于检查一个单词开始和结束的边界模式(用于长字符串里子字符串),这时可以在两边使用\b,例如\bdog\b

Enter your regex: \bdog\b
Enter input string to search: The dog plays in the yard.
I found the text "dog" starting at index 4 and ending at index 7.

Enter your regex: \bdog\b
Enter input string to search: The doggie plays in the yard.
No match found.

对于匹配非单词边界的表达式,可以使用\B来代替:

Enter your regex: \bdog\B
Enter input string to search: The dog plays in the yard.
No match found.

Enter your regex: \bdog\B
Enter input string to search: The doggie plays in the yard.
I found the text "dog" starting at index 4 and ending at index 7.

对于需要匹配仅出现在前一个匹配的结尾,可以使用\G

Enter your regex: dog
Enter input string to search: dog dog
I found the text "dog" starting at index 0 and ending at index 3.
I found the text "dog" starting at index 4 and ending at index 7.

Enter your regex: \Gdog
Enter input string to search: dog dog
I found the text "dog" starting at index 0 and ending at index 3.

这里的第二个例子仅找到了一个匹配,这是由于第二次出现的“dog”不是在前一个匹配结尾的开始。[7]