特性及错误

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小牛编辑
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2023-12-01

命令替换

小技巧

使用 $(command) 而不是反引号。

嵌套的反引号要求用反斜杠转义内部的反引号。而 $(command) 形式嵌套时不需要改变,而且更易于阅读。

例如:

# This is preferred:
var="$(command "$(command1)")"

# This is not:
var="`command \`command1\``"

test,[和[[

小技巧

推荐使用 [[ ... ]] ,而不是 [ , test , 和 /usr/bin/[

因为在 [[]] 之间不会有路径名称扩展或单词分割发生,所以使用 [[ ... ]] 能够减少错误。而且 [[ ... ]] 允许正则表达式匹配,而 [ ... ] 不允许。

# This ensures the string on the left is made up of characters in the
# alnum character class followed by the string name.
# Note that the RHS should not be quoted here.
# For the gory details, see
# E14 at http://tiswww.case.edu/php/chet/bash/FAQ
if [[ "filename" =~ ^[[:alnum:]]+name ]]; then
  echo "Match"
fi

# This matches the exact pattern "f*" (Does not match in this case)
if [[ "filename" == "f*" ]]; then
  echo "Match"
fi

# This gives a "too many arguments" error as f* is expanded to the
# contents of the current directory
if [ "filename" == f* ]; then
  echo "Match"
fi

测试字符串

小技巧

尽可能使用引用,而不是过滤字符串。

Bash足以在测试中处理空字符串。所以,请使用空(非空)字符串测试,而不是填充字符,使得代码更易于阅读。

# Do this:
if [[ "${my_var}" = "some_string" ]]; then
  do_something
fi

# -z (string length is zero) and -n (string length is not zero) are
# preferred over testing for an empty string
if [[ -z "${my_var}" ]]; then
  do_something
fi

# This is OK (ensure quotes on the empty side), but not preferred:
if [[ "${my_var}" = "" ]]; then
  do_something
fi

# Not this:
if [[ "${my_var}X" = "some_stringX" ]]; then
  do_something
fi

为了避免对你测试的目的产生困惑,请明确使用`-z`或者`-n`

# Use this
if [[ -n "${my_var}" ]]; then
  do_something
fi

# Instead of this as errors can occur if ${my_var} expands to a test
# flag
if [[ "${my_var}" ]]; then
  do_something
fi

文件名的通配符扩展

小技巧

当进行文件名的通配符扩展时,请使用明确的路径。

因为文件名可能以 - 开头,所以使用扩展通配符 ./** 来得安全得多。

# Here's the contents of the directory:
# -f  -r  somedir  somefile

# This deletes almost everything in the directory by force
psa@bilby$ rm -v *
removed directory: `somedir'
removed `somefile'

# As opposed to:
psa@bilby$ rm -v ./*
removed `./-f'
removed `./-r'
rm: cannot remove `./somedir': Is a directory
removed `./somefile'

Eval

小技巧

应该避免使用eval。

当用于给变量赋值时,Eval解析输入,并且能够设置变量,但无法检查这些变量是什么。

# What does this set?
# Did it succeed? In part or whole?
eval $(set_my_variables)

# What happens if one of the returned values has a space in it?
variable="$(eval some_function)"

管道导向while循环

小技巧

请使用过程替换或者for循环,而不是管道导向while循环。在while循环中被修改的变量是不能传递给父shell的,因为循环命令是在一个子shell中运行的。

管道导向while循环中的隐式子shell使得追踪bug变得很困难。

last_line='NULL'
your_command | while read line; do
  last_line="${line}"
done

# This will output 'NULL'
echo "${last_line}"

如果你确定输入中不包含空格或者特殊符号(通常意味着不是用户输入的),那么可以使用一个for循环。

total=0
# Only do this if there are no spaces in return values.
for value in $(command); do
  total+="${value}"
done

使用过程替换允许重定向输出,但是请将命令放入一个显式的子shell中,而不是bash为while循环创建的隐式子shell。

total=0
last_file=
while read count filename; do
  total+="${count}"
  last_file="${filename}"
done < <(your_command | uniq -c)

# This will output the second field of the last line of output from
# the command.
echo "Total = ${total}"
echo "Last one = ${last_file}"

当不需要传递复杂的结果给父shell时可以使用while循环。这通常需要一些更复杂的“解析”。请注意简单的例子使用如awk这类工具可能更容易完成。当你特别不希望改变父shell的范围变量时这可能也是有用的。

# Trivial implementation of awk expression:
#   awk '$3 == "nfs" { print $2 " maps to " $1 }' /proc/mounts
cat /proc/mounts | while read src dest type opts rest; do
  if [[ ${type} == "nfs" ]]; then
    echo "NFS ${dest} maps to ${src}"
  fi
done