将2:1等矩形全景转换为立方体贴图

Question

我目前正在为一个网站开发一个简单的3D全景查看器。出于移动性能的原因，我使用了3。jsCSS3渲染器。这需要一个立方体贴图，分成6个单独的图像。

我正在用谷歌Photosphere应用程序或类似的创建2:1等矩形全景的应用程序在iPhone上录制图像。然后，我使用此网站调整这些大小并将其转换为立方体贴图：http://gonchar.me/panorama/（闪光）

更可取的是，我想自己做转换，如果可能的话，要么在three.js中，要么在Photoshop中。我找到了安德鲁·黑泽尔登的Photoshop操作，它们看起来有点接近，但没有直接转换可用。有没有一种数学方法来转换这些，或者某种脚本来转换？如果可能的话，我想避免使用像搅拌机这样的3D应用程序。

也许这不太可能，但我想我应该问问。我对javascript有着不错的经验，但我对3还是相当陌生的。js。我也不太愿意依赖WebGL功能，因为它在移动设备上看起来很慢或者有问题。支持率也仍然参差不齐。

Answer 1

更新2：看起来有人已经开发了一个比我更优秀的web应用程序。他们的转换运行在客户端，因此无需担心上传/下载。

我想如果你出于某种原因讨厌JS，或者正试图在你的手机上这么做，那么我下面的web应用就可以了。

更新：我发布了一个简单的网络应用程序，你可以上传全景图，并让它在一个zip中返回6张天空盒图像。

源代码是对下面内容的重新实现，可在Github上获得。

该应用程序目前运行在单一免费层Heroku dyno上，请不要尝试将其用作API。如果您想要自动化，请自行部署；单击一次即可部署到Heroku。

原版：这是Salix Alba绝对奇妙答案的（天真的）修改版，它一次转换一张脸，吐出六张不同的图像，并保留原始图像的文件类型。

除此之外，大多数用例可能需要六个单独的图像，一次转换一张脸的主要优点是，它可以大大减少处理大型图像的内存占用。

#!/usr/bin/env python
import sys
from PIL import Image
from math import pi, sin, cos, tan, atan2, hypot, floor
from numpy import clip

# get x,y,z coords from out image pixels coords
# i,j are pixel coords
# faceIdx is face number
# faceSize is edge length
def outImgToXYZ(i, j, faceIdx, faceSize):
    a = 2.0 * float(i) / faceSize
    b = 2.0 * float(j) / faceSize

    if faceIdx == 0: # back
        (x,y,z) = (-1.0, 1.0 - a, 1.0 - b)
    elif faceIdx == 1: # left
        (x,y,z) = (a - 1.0, -1.0, 1.0 - b)
    elif faceIdx == 2: # front
        (x,y,z) = (1.0, a - 1.0, 1.0 - b)
    elif faceIdx == 3: # right
        (x,y,z) = (1.0 - a, 1.0, 1.0 - b)
    elif faceIdx == 4: # top
        (x,y,z) = (b - 1.0, a - 1.0, 1.0)
    elif faceIdx == 5: # bottom
        (x,y,z) = (1.0 - b, a - 1.0, -1.0)

    return (x, y, z)

# convert using an inverse transformation
def convertFace(imgIn, imgOut, faceIdx):
    inSize = imgIn.size
    outSize = imgOut.size
    inPix = imgIn.load()
    outPix = imgOut.load()
    faceSize = outSize[0]

    for xOut in xrange(faceSize):
        for yOut in xrange(faceSize):
            (x,y,z) = outImgToXYZ(xOut, yOut, faceIdx, faceSize)
            theta = atan2(y,x) # range -pi to pi
            r = hypot(x,y)
            phi = atan2(z,r) # range -pi/2 to pi/2

            # source img coords
            uf = 0.5 * inSize[0] * (theta + pi) / pi
            vf = 0.5 * inSize[0] * (pi/2 - phi) / pi

            # Use bilinear interpolation between the four surrounding pixels
            ui = floor(uf)  # coord of pixel to bottom left
            vi = floor(vf)
            u2 = ui+1       # coords of pixel to top right
            v2 = vi+1
            mu = uf-ui      # fraction of way across pixel
            nu = vf-vi

            # Pixel values of four corners
            A = inPix[ui % inSize[0], clip(vi, 0, inSize[1]-1)]
            B = inPix[u2 % inSize[0], clip(vi, 0, inSize[1]-1)]
            C = inPix[ui % inSize[0], clip(v2, 0, inSize[1]-1)]
            D = inPix[u2 % inSize[0], clip(v2, 0, inSize[1]-1)]

            # interpolate
            (r,g,b) = (
              A[0]*(1-mu)*(1-nu) + B[0]*(mu)*(1-nu) + C[0]*(1-mu)*nu+D[0]*mu*nu,
              A[1]*(1-mu)*(1-nu) + B[1]*(mu)*(1-nu) + C[1]*(1-mu)*nu+D[1]*mu*nu,
              A[2]*(1-mu)*(1-nu) + B[2]*(mu)*(1-nu) + C[2]*(1-mu)*nu+D[2]*mu*nu )

            outPix[xOut, yOut] = (int(round(r)), int(round(g)), int(round(b)))

imgIn = Image.open(sys.argv[1])
inSize = imgIn.size
faceSize = inSize[0] / 4
components = sys.argv[1].rsplit('.', 2)

FACE_NAMES = {
  0: 'back',
  1: 'left',
  2: 'front',
  3: 'right',
  4: 'top',
  5: 'bottom'
}

for face in xrange(6):
  imgOut = Image.new("RGB", (faceSize, faceSize), "black")
  convertFace(imgIn, imgOut, face)
  imgOut.save(components[0] + "_" + FACE_NAMES[face] + "." + components[1])

Answer 2

给出了一个非常好的答案，我想在OpenCV的基础上添加相应的c实现。

对于那些不熟悉OpenCV的人，可以将Mat看作一幅图像。我们首先构造两个映射，从等矩形图像重新映射到相应的立方体映射面。然后，我们使用OpenCV进行重载（即使用插值重新映射）。

如果不考虑可读性，代码可以变得更紧凑。

// Define our six cube faces. 
// 0 - 3 are side faces, clockwise order
// 4 and 5 are top and bottom, respectively
float faceTransform[6][2] = 
{ 
    {0, 0},
    {M_PI / 2, 0},
    {M_PI, 0},
    {-M_PI / 2, 0},
    {0, -M_PI / 2},
    {0, M_PI / 2}
};

// Map a part of the equirectangular panorama (in) to a cube face
// (face). The ID of the face is given by faceId. The desired
// width and height are given by width and height. 
inline void createCubeMapFace(const Mat &in, Mat &face, 
        int faceId = 0, const int width = -1, 
        const int height = -1) {

    float inWidth = in.cols;
    float inHeight = in.rows;

    // Allocate map
    Mat mapx(height, width, CV_32F);
    Mat mapy(height, width, CV_32F);

    // Calculate adjacent (ak) and opposite (an) of the
    // triangle that is spanned from the sphere center 
    //to our cube face.
    const float an = sin(M_PI / 4);
    const float ak = cos(M_PI / 4);

    const float ftu = faceTransform[faceId][0];
    const float ftv = faceTransform[faceId][1];

    // For each point in the target image, 
    // calculate the corresponding source coordinates. 
    for(int y = 0; y < height; y++) {
        for(int x = 0; x < width; x++) {

            // Map face pixel coordinates to [-1, 1] on plane
            float nx = (float)y / (float)height - 0.5f;
            float ny = (float)x / (float)width - 0.5f;

            nx *= 2;
            ny *= 2;

            // Map [-1, 1] plane coords to [-an, an]
            // thats the coordinates in respect to a unit sphere 
            // that contains our box. 
            nx *= an; 
            ny *= an; 

            float u, v;

            // Project from plane to sphere surface.
            if(ftv == 0) {
                // Center faces
                u = atan2(nx, ak);
                v = atan2(ny * cos(u), ak);
                u += ftu; 
            } else if(ftv > 0) { 
                // Bottom face 
                float d = sqrt(nx * nx + ny * ny);
                v = M_PI / 2 - atan2(d, ak);
                u = atan2(ny, nx);
            } else {
                // Top face
                float d = sqrt(nx * nx + ny * ny);
                v = -M_PI / 2 + atan2(d, ak);
                u = atan2(-ny, nx);
            }

            // Map from angular coordinates to [-1, 1], respectively.
            u = u / (M_PI); 
            v = v / (M_PI / 2);

            // Warp around, if our coordinates are out of bounds. 
            while (v < -1) {
                v += 2;
                u += 1;
            } 
            while (v > 1) {
                v -= 2;
                u += 1;
            } 

            while(u < -1) {
                u += 2;
            }
            while(u > 1) {
                u -= 2;
            }

            // Map from [-1, 1] to in texture space
            u = u / 2.0f + 0.5f;
            v = v / 2.0f + 0.5f;

            u = u * (inWidth - 1);
            v = v * (inHeight - 1);

            // Save the result for this pixel in map
            mapx.at<float>(x, y) = u;
            mapy.at<float>(x, y) = v; 
        }
    }

    // Recreate output image if it has wrong size or type. 
    if(face.cols != width || face.rows != height || 
        face.type() != in.type()) {
        face = Mat(width, height, in.type());
    }

    // Do actual resampling using OpenCV's remap
    remap(in, face, mapx, mapy, 
         CV_INTER_LINEAR, BORDER_CONSTANT, Scalar(0, 0, 0));
}

考虑到以下输入：

生成以下面孔：

图片由Optonaut提供。

Answer 3

如果你想在服务器端做这件事，有很多选择。http://www.imagemagick.org/有一堆命令行工具可以把你的图像切成碎片。您可以将执行此操作的命令放入html" target="_blank">脚本中，并在每次有新映像时运行该命令。

很难说清楚程序中使用了什么算法。我们可以尝试通过将正方形网格输入程序来反向工程正在发生的事情。我用了维基百科上的网格

成像球与纬度和经度线一个它，和一个立方体围绕它。现在从球体中心的点投射，在立方体上产生扭曲的网格。

数学上取极坐标r, θ, ø, 球r=1,0

• x=r sinθcosø
• y=r sinθsinø
• z=r cosθ

集中地将这些项目投影到多维数据集。首先我们用纬度π/4划分为四个区域

假设我们在第一面-π/4

• a sinθcosø=1

所以

• a=1/（sinθcosø）

投影点是

• （1，tanø，cotθ/cosø）

如果| cotθ/cosø|

用python将其组合起来

import sys
from PIL import Image
from math import pi,sin,cos,tan

def cot(angle):
    return 1/tan(angle)

# Project polar coordinates onto a surrounding cube
# assume ranges theta is [0,pi] with 0 the north poll, pi south poll
# phi is in range [0,2pi] 
def projection(theta,phi): 
        if theta<0.615:
            return projectTop(theta,phi)
        elif theta>2.527:
            return projectBottom(theta,phi)
        elif phi <= pi/4 or phi > 7*pi/4:
            return projectLeft(theta,phi)
        elif phi > pi/4 and phi <= 3*pi/4:
            return projectFront(theta,phi)
        elif phi > 3*pi/4 and phi <= 5*pi/4:
            return projectRight(theta,phi)
        elif phi > 5*pi/4 and phi <= 7*pi/4:
            return projectBack(theta,phi)

def projectLeft(theta,phi):
        x = 1
        y = tan(phi)
        z = cot(theta) / cos(phi)
        if z < -1:
            return projectBottom(theta,phi)
        if z > 1:
            return projectTop(theta,phi)
        return ("Left",x,y,z)

def projectFront(theta,phi):
        x = tan(phi-pi/2)
        y = 1
        z = cot(theta) / cos(phi-pi/2)
        if z < -1:
            return projectBottom(theta,phi)
        if z > 1:
            return projectTop(theta,phi)
        return ("Front",x,y,z)

def projectRight(theta,phi):
        x = -1
        y = tan(phi)
        z = -cot(theta) / cos(phi)
        if z < -1:
            return projectBottom(theta,phi)
        if z > 1:
            return projectTop(theta,phi)
        return ("Right",x,-y,z)

def projectBack(theta,phi):
        x = tan(phi-3*pi/2)
        y = -1
        z = cot(theta) / cos(phi-3*pi/2)
        if z < -1:
            return projectBottom(theta,phi)
        if z > 1:
            return projectTop(theta,phi)
        return ("Back",-x,y,z)

def projectTop(theta,phi):
        # (a sin θ cos ø, a sin θ sin ø, a cos θ) = (x,y,1)
        a = 1 / cos(theta)
        x = tan(theta) * cos(phi)
        y = tan(theta) * sin(phi)
        z = 1
        return ("Top",x,y,z)

def projectBottom(theta,phi):
        # (a sin θ cos ø, a sin θ sin ø, a cos θ) = (x,y,-1)
        a = -1 / cos(theta)
        x = -tan(theta) * cos(phi)
        y = -tan(theta) * sin(phi)
        z = -1
        return ("Bottom",x,y,z)
        
# Convert coords in cube to image coords 
# coords is a tuple with the side and x,y,z coords
# edge is the length of an edge of the cube in pixels
def cubeToImg(coords,edge):
    if coords[0]=="Left":
        (x,y) = (int(edge*(coords[2]+1)/2), int(edge*(3-coords[3])/2) )
    elif coords[0]=="Front":
        (x,y) = (int(edge*(coords[1]+3)/2), int(edge*(3-coords[3])/2) )
    elif coords[0]=="Right":
        (x,y) = (int(edge*(5-coords[2])/2), int(edge*(3-coords[3])/2) )
    elif coords[0]=="Back":
        (x,y) = (int(edge*(7-coords[1])/2), int(edge*(3-coords[3])/2) )
    elif coords[0]=="Top":
        (x,y) = (int(edge*(3-coords[1])/2), int(edge*(1+coords[2])/2) )
    elif coords[0]=="Bottom":
        (x,y) = (int(edge*(3-coords[1])/2), int(edge*(5-coords[2])/2) )
    return (x,y)

# convert the in image to out image
def convert(imgIn,imgOut):
    inSize = imgIn.size
    outSize = imgOut.size
    inPix = imgIn.load()
    outPix = imgOut.load()
    edge = inSize[0]/4   # the length of each edge in pixels
    for i in xrange(inSize[0]):
        for j in xrange(inSize[1]):
            pixel = inPix[i,j]
            phi = i * 2 * pi / inSize[0]
            theta = j * pi / inSize[1]
            res = projection(theta,phi)
            (x,y) = cubeToImg(res,edge)
            #if i % 100 == 0 and j % 100 == 0:
            #   print i,j,phi,theta,res,x,y
            if x >= outSize[0]:
                #print "x out of range ",x,res
                x=outSize[0]-1
            if y >= outSize[1]:
                #print "y out of range ",y,res
                y=outSize[1]-1
            outPix[x,y] = pixel
    
imgIn = Image.open(sys.argv[1])
inSize = imgIn.size
imgOut = Image.new("RGB",(inSize[0],inSize[0]*3/4),"black")
convert(imgIn,imgOut)
imgOut.show()

projection函数获取theta和phi值，并返回立方体中每个方向上从-1到1的坐标。cubeToImg获取（x，y，z）坐标并将其转换为输出图像坐标。

我们得到了一些图像文物。这是由于没有1对1的像素映射。我们需要做的是使用逆变换。我们不是循环遍历源中的每个像素并在目标中找到相应的像素，而是循环遍历目标图像并找到最近的相应源像素。

import sys
from PIL import Image
from math import pi,sin,cos,tan,atan2,hypot,floor
from numpy import clip

# get x,y,z coords from out image pixels coords
# i,j are pixel coords
# face is face number
# edge is edge length
def outImgToXYZ(i,j,face,edge):
    a = 2.0*float(i)/edge
    b = 2.0*float(j)/edge
    if face==0: # back
        (x,y,z) = (-1.0, 1.0-a, 3.0 - b)
    elif face==1: # left
        (x,y,z) = (a-3.0, -1.0, 3.0 - b)
    elif face==2: # front
        (x,y,z) = (1.0, a - 5.0, 3.0 - b)
    elif face==3: # right
        (x,y,z) = (7.0-a, 1.0, 3.0 - b)
    elif face==4: # top
        (x,y,z) = (b-1.0, a -5.0, 1.0)
    elif face==5: # bottom
        (x,y,z) = (5.0-b, a-5.0, -1.0)
    return (x,y,z)

# convert using an inverse transformation
def convertBack(imgIn,imgOut):
    inSize = imgIn.size
    outSize = imgOut.size
    inPix = imgIn.load()
    outPix = imgOut.load()
    edge = inSize[0]/4   # the length of each edge in pixels
    for i in xrange(outSize[0]):
        face = int(i/edge) # 0 - back, 1 - left 2 - front, 3 - right
        if face==2:
            rng = xrange(0,edge*3)
        else:
            rng = xrange(edge,edge*2)
            
        for j in rng:
            if j<edge:
                face2 = 4 # top
            elif j>=2*edge:
                face2 = 5 # bottom
            else:
                face2 = face
                
            (x,y,z) = outImgToXYZ(i,j,face2,edge)
            theta = atan2(y,x) # range -pi to pi
            r = hypot(x,y)
            phi = atan2(z,r) # range -pi/2 to pi/2
            # source img coords
            uf = ( 2.0*edge*(theta + pi)/pi )
            vf = ( 2.0*edge * (pi/2 - phi)/pi)
            # Use bilinear interpolation between the four surrounding pixels
            ui = floor(uf)  # coord of pixel to bottom left
            vi = floor(vf)
            u2 = ui+1       # coords of pixel to top right
            v2 = vi+1
            mu = uf-ui      # fraction of way across pixel
            nu = vf-vi
            # Pixel values of four corners
            A = inPix[ui % inSize[0],clip(vi,0,inSize[1]-1)]
            B = inPix[u2 % inSize[0],clip(vi,0,inSize[1]-1)]
            C = inPix[ui % inSize[0],clip(v2,0,inSize[1]-1)]
            D = inPix[u2 % inSize[0],clip(v2,0,inSize[1]-1)]
            # interpolate
            (r,g,b) = (
              A[0]*(1-mu)*(1-nu) + B[0]*(mu)*(1-nu) + C[0]*(1-mu)*nu+D[0]*mu*nu,
              A[1]*(1-mu)*(1-nu) + B[1]*(mu)*(1-nu) + C[1]*(1-mu)*nu+D[1]*mu*nu,
              A[2]*(1-mu)*(1-nu) + B[2]*(mu)*(1-nu) + C[2]*(1-mu)*nu+D[2]*mu*nu )
            
            outPix[i,j] = (int(round(r)),int(round(g)),int(round(b)))
    
imgIn = Image.open(sys.argv[1])
inSize = imgIn.size
imgOut = Image.new("RGB",(inSize[0],inSize[0]*3/4),"black")
convertBack(imgIn,imgOut)
imgOut.save(sys.argv[1].split('.')[0]+"Out2.png")
imgOut.show()

如果有人想反过来看JS小提琴页面