Java中的setter和getter的意义是什么？

Question

请原谅它的长度，但是这里有两个程序，两者完全相同，但是一个有一个没有setter，getter和构造函数的程序。

我之前已经学过一个基本的C ++类，并且不记得其中的任何一个，而现在我还没有看到它们的意义，如果有人可以用拉面的术语来解释它们的话，我将不胜感激。目前，它们似乎不过是浪费空间，以使我的代码看起来更长，但是老师说它们很重要（到目前为止，就是这样）。

提前致谢！现在是代码：Mileage.java：

package gasMileage;

import java.util.Scanner; //program uses class Scanner

public class Mileage 
{
    public int restart;
    public double miles, gallons, totalMiles, totalGallons, milesPerGallon;
    public Mileage(int newRestart, double newMiles, double newGallons, 
                   double newTotalMiles, double newTotalGallons, double newMilesPerGallon)
    {
        setRestart(newRestart);
        setMiles(newMiles);
        setGallons(newGallons);
        setTotalMiles(newTotalMiles);
        setTotalGallons(newTotalGallons);
        setMilesPerGallon(newMilesPerGallon);
    }
    public void setRestart(int newRestart)
    {
        restart = newRestart;
    }
    public int getRestart()
    {
        return restart;
    }
    public void setMiles(double newMiles)
    {
        miles = newMiles;
    }
    public double getMiles()
    {
        return miles;
    }
    public void setGallons(double newGallons)
    {
        gallons = newGallons;
    }
    public double getGallons()
    {
        return gallons;
    }
    public void setTotalMiles(double newTotalMiles)
    {
        totalMiles = newTotalMiles;
    }
    public double getTotalMiles()
    {
        return totalMiles;
    }
    public void setTotalGallons(double newTotalGallons)
    {
        totalGallons = newTotalGallons;
    }
    public double getTotalGallons()
    {
        return totalGallons;
    }
    public void setMilesPerGallon(double newMilesPerGallon)
    {
        milesPerGallon = newMilesPerGallon;
    }
    public double getMilesPerGallon()
    {
        return milesPerGallon;
    }
    public void calculateMileage()
    {
        Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
        while(restart == 1)
        {
            System.out.print("Please input number of miles you drove: ");
            miles = input.nextDouble();
            totalMiles = totalMiles + miles;
            System.out.print("Please input number of gallons you used: ");
            gallons = input.nextDouble();
            totalGallons = totalGallons + gallons;
            milesPerGallon = miles / gallons;
            System.out.printf("Your mileage is %.2f MPG.\n", milesPerGallon);
            System.out.print("Would you like to try again? 1 for yes, 2 for no: ");
            restart = input.nextInt();
        }
        milesPerGallon = totalMiles / totalGallons;
        System.out.printf("Your total mileage for these trips is: %.2f.\nYour total gas consumed on these trips was: %.2f.\n", totalMiles, totalGallons);
        System.out.printf("Your total mileage for these trips is: %.2f MPG", milesPerGallon);
    }
}

Mileagetest.java：

package gasMileage;

public class Mileagetest 
{
    public static void main(String[] args) 
    {
        Mileage myMileage = new Mileage(1,0,0,0,0,0);
        myMileage.calculateMileage();
    }
}

现在，对于那些没有二传手的人：

Testmileage.java：

package gasMileage;

import java.util.Scanner;

public class Testmileage 
{
    int restart = 1;
    double miles = 0, milesTotal = 0, gas = 0, gasTotal = 0, mpg = 0;
    Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
    public void testCalculate()
    {
        while(restart == 1)
        {
            System.out.print("Please input miles: ");
            miles = input.nextDouble();
            milesTotal = milesTotal + miles;
            System.out.print("Please input gas: ");
            gas = input.nextDouble();
            gasTotal = gasTotal + gas;
            mpg = miles/gas;
            System.out.printf("MPG: %.2f", mpg);
            System.out.print("\nContinue? 1 = yes, 2 = no: ");
            restart = input.nextInt();
        }
            mpg = milesTotal / gasTotal;
            System.out.printf("Total Miles: %.2f\nTotal Gallons: %.2f\nTotal MPG: %.2f\n", milesTotal, gasTotal, mpg);
    }
}
Testmileagetest.java：

package gasMileage;

public class Testmileagetest 
{

    /**
     * @param args
     */
    public static void main(String[] args) 
    {
        Testmileage test = new Testmileage();
        test.testCalculate();
    }

}

再次感谢！

Answer 1

无论哪种语言，getter和setter的目的都是隐藏基础变量。这样，您可以在尝试设置值时添加验证逻辑-例如，如果您有一个出生日期字段，则可能只希望将该字段设置为过去的某个时间。如果该字段是公共可访问和可修改的，则不能强制执行此操作-您需要使用getter和setter。

即使您不需要任何验证，将来也可能需要它。现在，编写getter和setter意味着接口保持一致，因此更改现有代码不会中断。