在Swift 3中，当结果过高时，如何计算阶乘？

Question

我已经编写了此函数以返回给定数字的阶乘

func factorial(_ n: Int) -> Int {
    if n == 0 {
        return 1
    }
    else {
        return n * factorial(n - 1)
    }
}

print( factorial(20) )  // 2432902008176640000

只要给定的数字不超过20，就可以正常工作，因为这样结果会变得太高！

我该如何规避此限制，从而计算出较高数字的阶乘？

我到处搜索并找到了一些Swift的bignum库。我这样做是为了学习和熟悉Swift，因此我想自己解决这个问题。

Answer 1

这是一种可以让您找到非常大的阶乘的方法。

将大数字表示为数字数组。例如987将是[9, 8, 7]。将该数字乘以整数n将需要两个步骤。

1. 将该数组中的每个值乘以n。
2. 执行进位操作以返回再次为个位数的结果。

例如987 * 2：

let arr = [9, 8, 7]
let arr2 = arr.map { $0 * 2 }
print(arr2)  // [18, 16, 14]

现在，执行进位操作。从一个数字开始，14太大了，所以请保留4并携带1。将添加1到16以获得17。

[18, 17, 4]

重复十位：

[19, 7, 4]

然后是百位：

[1, 9, 7, 4]

最后，对于打印，您可以将其转换回字符串：

let arr = [1, 9, 7, 4]
print(arr.map(String.init).joined())

1974年

应用该技术，这是一个carryAll执行进位运算的函数，并且factorial使用该函数来计算非常大的阶乘：

func carryAll(_ arr: [Int]) -> [Int] {
    var result = [Int]()

    var carry = 0
    for val in arr.reversed() {
        let total = val + carry
        let digit = total % 10
        carry = total / 10
        result.append(digit)
    }

    while carry > 0 {
        let digit = carry % 10
        carry = carry / 10
        result.append(digit)
    }

    return result.reversed()
}



func factorial(_ n: Int) -> String {
    var result = [1]
    for i in 2...n {
        result = result.map { $0 * i }
        result = carryAll(result)
    }

    return result.map(String.init).joined()
}

print(factorial(1000))

40238726007709377354370243392300398571937486421071463254379991042993851239862902059204420848696940480047998861019719605863166687299480855890132382966994459099742450408707375991882362772718873251977950595099527612087497546249704360141827809464649629105639388743788648733711918104582578364784997701247663288983595573543251318532395846307555740911426241747434934755342864657661166779739666882029120737914385371958824980812686783837455973174613608537953452422158659320192809087829730843139284440328123155861103697680135730421616874760967587134831202547858932076716913244842623613141250878020800026168315102734182797770478463586817016436502415369139828126481021309276124489635992870511496497541990934222156683257208082133318611681155361583654698404670897560290095053761647584772842188967964624494516076535340819890138544248798495995331910172335555660213945039973628075013783761530712776192684903435262520001588853514733161170210396817592151090778801939317811419454525722386554146106289218796022383897147608850627686296714667469756291123408243920816015378088989396451826324367161676217916890977991190375403127462228998800519544441428201218736174599264295658174662830295557029902432415318161721046583203678690611726015878352075151628422554026517048330422614397428693306169089796848259012545832716822645806652676995865268227280707578139185817888965220816434834482599326604336766017699961283186078838615027946595513115655203609398818061213855860030143569452722420634463179746059468257310379008402443243846565724501440282188525247093519062092902313649327349756551395872055965422874977401141334696271542284586237738753823048386568897646192738381490014076731044664025989949022222176590433990188601856652648506179970235619389701786004081188972991831102117122984590164192106888438712185564612496079872290851929681937238864261483965738229112312502418664935314397013742853192664987533721894069428143411852015801412334482801505139969429015348307764456909907315243327828826986460278986432113908350621709500259738986355427719674282224875758676575234422020757363056949882508796892816275384886339690995982628095612145099487170124451646126037902930912088908694202851064018215439945715680594187274899809425474217358240106367740459574178516082923013535808184009699637252423056085590370062427124341690900415369010593398383577793941097002775347200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000018311021171229845901641921068884387121855646124960798722908519296819372388642614839657382291123125024186649353143970137428531926649875337218940694281434118520158014123344828015051399694290153483077644569099073152433278288269864602789864321139083506217095002597389863554277196742822248757586765752344220207573630569498825087968928162753848863396909959826280956121450994871701244516461260379029309120889086942028510640182154399457156805941872748998094254742173582401063677404595741785160829230135358081840096996372524230560855903700624271243416909004153690105933983835777939410970027753472000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000183110211712298459016419210688843871218556461249607987229085192968193723886426148396573822911231250241866493531439701374285319266498753372189406942814341185201580141233448280150513996942901534830776445690990731524332782882698646027898643211390835062170950025973898635542771967428222487575867657523442202075736305694988250879689281627538488633969099598262809561214509948717012445164612603790293091208890869420285106401821543994571568059418727489980942547421735824010636774045957417851608292301353580818400969963725242305608559037006242712434169090041536901059339838357779394109700277534720000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002106888438712185564612496079872290851929681937238864261483965738229112312502418664935314397013742853192664987533721894069428143411852015801412334482801505139969429015348307764456909907315243327828826986460278986432113908350621709500259738986355427719674282224875758676575234422020757363056949882508796892816275384886339690995982628095612145099487170124451646126037902930912088908694202851064018215439945715680594187274899809425474217358240106367740459574178516082923013535808184009699637252423056085590370062427124341690900415369010593398383577793941097002775347200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000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