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场景示例 - nginx访问日志

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2023-12-01

grok

Logstash 默认自带了 apache 标准日志的 grok 正则:

  1. COMMONAPACHELOG %{IPORHOST:clientip} %{USER:ident} %{NOTSPACE:auth} [%{HTTPDATE:timestamp}] "(?:%{WORD:verb} %{NOTSPACE:request}(?: HTTP/%{NUMBER:httpversion})?|%{DATA:rawrequest})" %{NUMBER:response} (?:%{NUMBER:bytes}|-)
  2. COMBINEDAPACHELOG %{COMMONAPACHELOG} %{QS:referrer} %{QS:agent}

对于 nginx 标准日志格式，可以发现只是最后多了一个 $http_x_forwarded_for 变量。所以 nginx 标准日志的 grok 正则定义是：

  1. MAINNGINXLOG %{COMBINEDAPACHELOG} %{QS:x_forwarded_for}

自定义的日志格式，可以照此修改。

split

nginx 日志因为部分变量中内含空格，所以很多时候只能使用 %{QS} 正则来做分割，性能和细度都不太好。如果能自定义一个比较少见的字符作为分隔符，那么处理起来就简单多了。假设定义的日志格式如下：

  1. log_format main "$http_x_forwarded_for | $time_local | $request | $status | $body_bytes_sent | "
  2.                 "$request_body | $content_length | $http_referer | $http_user_agent | $nuid | "
  3.                 "$http_cookie | $remote_addr | $hostname | $upstream_addr | $upstream_response_time | $request_time";

实际日志如下：

117.136.9.248 | 08/Apr/2015:16:00:01 +0800 | POST /notice/newmessage?sign=cba4f614e05db285850cadc696fcdad0&token=JAGQ92Mjs3—gik_b_DsPIQHcyMKYGpD&did=4b749736ac70f12df700b18cd6d051d5&osn=android&osv=4.0.4&appv=3.0.1&net=460-02-2g&longitude=120.393006&latitude=36.178329&ch=360&lp=1&ver=1&ts=1428479998151&im=869736012353958&sw=0&sh=0&la=zh-CN&lm=weixin&dt=vivoS11t HTTP/1.1 | 200 | 132 | abcd-sign-v1://dd03c57f8cb6fcef919ab5df66f2903f:d51asq5yslwnyz5t/{x22typex22:4,x22uidx22:7567306} | 89 | - | abcd/3.0.1, Android/4.0.4, vivo S11t | nuid=0C0A0A0A01E02455EA7CF47E02FD072C1428480001.157 | - | 10.10.10.13 | bnx02.abcdprivate.com | 10.10.10.22:9999 | 0.022 | 0.022
59.50.44.53 | 08/Apr/2015:16:00:01 +0800 | POST /feed/pubList?appv=3.0.3&did=89da72550de488328e2aba5d97850e9f&dt=iPhone6%2C2&im=B48C21F3-487E-4071-9742-DC6D61710888&la=cn&latitude=0.000000&lm=weixin&longitude=0.000000&lp=-1.000000&net=0-0-wifi&osn=iOS&osv=8.1.3&sh=568.000000&sw=320.000000&token=7NobA7asg3Jb6n9o4ETdPXyNNiHwMs4J&ts=1428480001275 HTTP/1.1 | 200 | 983 | abcd-sign-v1://b398870a0b25b29aae65cd553addc43d:72214ee85d7cca22/{x22nextkeyx22:x22x22,x22uidx22:x2213062545x22,x22tokenx22:x227NobA7asg3Jb6n9o4ETdPXyNNiHwMs4Jx22} | 139 | - | Shopping/3.0.3 (iPhone; iOS 8.1.3; Scale/2.00) | nuid=0C0A0A0A81DF2455017D548502E48E2E1428480001.154 | nuid=CgoKDFUk34GFVH0BLo7kAg== | 10.10.10.11 | bnx02.abcdprivate.com | 10.10.10.35:9999 | 0.025 | 0.026

然后还可以针对 request 做更细致的切分。比如 URL 参数部分。很明显，URL 参数中的字段，顺序是乱的，第一行，问号之后的第一个字段是 sign，第二行问号之后的第一个字段是 appv，所以需要将字段进行切分，取出每个字段对应的值。官方自带 grok 满足不了要求。最终采用的 logstash 配置如下：

  1. filter {
  2.     ruby {
  3.         init => "@kname = ['http_x_forwarded_for','time_local','request','status','body_bytes_sent','request_body','content_length','http_referer','http_user_agent','nuid','http_cookie','remote_addr','hostname','upstream_addr','upstream_response_time','request_time']"
  4.         code => "
  5.             new_event = LogStash::Event.new(Hash[@kname.zip(event.get('message').split('|'))])
  6.             new_event.remove('@timestamp')
  7.             event.append(new_event)
  8.         "
  9.     }
  10.     if [request] {
  11.         ruby {
  12.             init => "@kname = ['method','uri','verb']"
  13.             code => "
  14.                 new_event = LogStash::Event.new(Hash[@kname.zip(event.get('request').split(' '))])
  15.                 new_event.remove('@timestamp')
  16.                 event.append(new_event)
  17.             "
  18.         }
  19.         if [uri] {
  20.             ruby {
  21.                 init => "@kname = ['url_path','url_args']"
  22.                 code => "
  23.                     new_event = LogStash::Event.new(Hash[@kname.zip(event.get('uri').split('?'))])
  24.                     new_event.remove('@timestamp')
  25.                     event.append(new_event)
  26.                 "
  27.             }
  28.             kv {
  29.                 prefix => "url_"
  30.                 source => "url_args"
  31.                 field_split => "& "
  32.                 remove_field => [ "url_args","uri","request" ]
  33.             }
  34.         }
  35.     }
  36.     mutate {
  37.         convert => [
  38.             "body_bytes_sent" , "integer",
  39.             "content_length", "integer",
  40.             "upstream_response_time", "float",
  41.             "request_time", "float"
  42.         ]
  43.     }
  44.     date {
  45.         match => [ "time_local", "dd/MMM/yyyy:hh:mm:ss Z" ]
  46.         locale => "en"
  47.     }
  48. }

最终结果：

  1. {
  2.                    "message" => "1.43.3.188 | 08/Apr/2015:16:00:01 +0800 | POST /search/suggest?appv=3.0.3&did=dfd5629d705d400795f698055806f01d&dt=iPhone7%2C2&im=AC926907-27AA-4A10-9916-C5DC75F29399&la=cn&latitude=-33.903867&lm=sina&longitude=151.208137&lp=-1.000000&net=0-0-wifi&osn=iOS&osv=8.1.3&sh=667.000000&sw=375.000000&token=_ovaPz6Ue68ybBuhXustPbG-xf1WbsPO&ts=1428480001567 HTTP/1.1 | 200 | 353 | abcd-sign-v1://a24b478486d3bb92ed89a901541b60a5:b23e9d2c14fe6755/{\x22key\x22:\x22last\x22,\x22offset\x22:\x220\x22,\x22token\x22:\x22_ovaPz6Ue68ybBuhXustPbG-xf1WbsPO\x22,\x22limit\x22:\x2220\x22} | 148 | - | abcdShopping/3.0.3 (iPhone; iOS 8.1.3; Scale/2.00) | nuid=0B0A0A0A9A64AF54F97634640230944E1428480001.113 | nuid=CgoKC1SvZJpkNHb5TpQwAg== | 10.10.10.11 | bnx02.abcdprivate.com | 10.10.10.26:9999 | 0.070 | 0.071",
  3.                   "@version" => "1",
  4.                 "@timestamp" => "2015-04-08T08:00:01.000Z",
  5.                       "type" => "nginxapiaccess",
  6.                       "host" => "blog05.abcdprivate.com",
  7.                       "path" => "/home/nginx/logs/api.access.log",
  8.       "http_x_forwarded_for" => "1.43.3.188",
  9.                 "time_local" => " 08/Apr/2015:16:00:01 +0800",
  10.                     "status" => "200",
  11.            "body_bytes_sent" => 353,
  12.               "request_body" => "abcd-sign-v1://a24b478486d3bb92ed89a901541b60a5:b23e9d2c14fe6755/{\x22key\x22:\x22last\x22,\x22offset\x22:\x220\x22,\x22token\x22:\x22_ovaPz6Ue68ybBuhXustPbG-xf1WbsPO\x22,\x22limit\x22:\x2220\x22}",
  13.             "content_length" => 148,
  14.               "http_referer" => "-",
  15.            "http_user_agent" => "abcdShopping/3.0.3 (iPhone; iOS 8.1.3; Scale/2.00)",
  16.                       "nuid" => "nuid=0B0A0A0A9A64AF54F97634640230944E1428480001.113",
  17.                "http_cookie" => "nuid=CgoKC1SvZJpkNHb5TpQwAg==",
  18.                "remote_addr" => "10.10.10.11",
  19.                   "hostname" => "bnx02.abcdprivate.com",
  20.              "upstream_addr" => "10.10.10.26:9999",
  21.     "upstream_response_time" => 0.070,
  22.               "request_time" => 0.071,
  23.                     "method" => "POST",
  24.                       "verb" => "HTTP/1.1",
  25.                   "url_path" => "/search/suggest",
  26.                   "url_appv" => "3.0.3",
  27.                    "url_did" => "dfd5629d705d400795f698055806f01d",
  28.                     "url_dt" => "iPhone7%2C2",
  29.                     "url_im" => "AC926907-27AA-4A10-9916-C5DC75F29399",
  30.                     "url_la" => "cn",
  31.               "url_latitude" => "-33.903867",
  32.                     "url_lm" => "sina",
  33.              "url_longitude" => "151.208137",
  34.                     "url_lp" => "-1.000000",
  35.                    "url_net" => "0-0-wifi",
  36.                    "url_osn" => "iOS",
  37.                    "url_osv" => "8.1.3",
  38.                     "url_sh" => "667.000000",
  39.                     "url_sw" => "375.000000",
  40.                  "url_token" => "_ovaPz6Ue68ybBuhXustPbG-xf1WbsPO",
  41.                     "url_ts" => "1428480001567"
  42. }

如果 url 参数过多，可以不使用 kv 切割，或者预先定义成 nested object 后，改成数组形式：

  1.         if [uri] {
  2.             ruby {
  3.                 init => "@kname = ['url_path','url_args']"
  4.                 code => "
  5.                     new_event = LogStash::Event.new(Hash[@kname.zip(event.get('request').split('?'))])
  6.                     new_event.remove('@timestamp')
  7.                     event.append(new_event)
  8.                 "
  9.             }
  10.             if [url_args] {
  11.                 ruby {
  12.                     init => "@kname = ['key','value']"
  13.                     code => "event.set('nested_args', event.get('url_args').split('&').collect {|i| Hash[@kname.zip(i.split('='))]})"
  14.                     remove_field => [ "url_args","uri","request" ]
  15.                 }
  16.             }
  17.         }

采用 nested object 的优化原理和 nested object 的使用方式，请阅读稍后 Elasticsearch 调优章节。

json format

自定义分隔符虽好，但是配置写起来毕竟复杂很多。其实对 logstash 来说，nginx 日志还有另一种更简便的处理方式。就是自定义日志格式时，通过手工拼写，直接输出成 JSON 格式：

  1. log_format json '{"@timestamp":"$time_iso8601",'
  2.                  '"host":"$server_addr",'
  3.                  '"clientip":"$remote_addr",'
  4.                  '"size":$body_bytes_sent,'
  5.                  '"responsetime":$request_time,'
  6.                  '"upstreamtime":"$upstream_response_time",'
  7.                  '"upstreamhost":"$upstream_addr",'
  8.                  '"http_host":"$host",'
  9.                  '"url":"$uri",'
  10.                  '"xff":"$http_x_forwarded_for",'
  11.                  '"referer":"$http_referer",'
  12.                  '"agent":"$http_user_agent",'
  13.                  '"status":"$status"}';

然后采用下面的 logstash 配置即可：

  1. input {
  2.     file {
  3.         path => "/var/log/nginx/access.log"
  4.         codec => json
  5.     }
  6. }
  7. filter {
  8.     mutate {
  9.         split => [ "upstreamtime", "," ]
  10.     }
  11.     mutate {
  12.         convert => [ "upstreamtime", "float" ]
  13.     }
  14. }

这里采用多个 mutate 插件，因为 upstreamtime 可能有多个数值，所以先切割成数组以后，再分别转换成浮点型数值。而在 mutate 中，convert 函数执行优先级高于 split 函数，所以只能分开两步写。mutate 内各函数优先级顺序，之前插件介绍章节有详细说明，读者可以返回去加强阅读。

syslog

Nginx 从 1.7 版开始，加入了 syslog 支持。Tengine 则更早。这样我们可以通过 syslog 直接发送日志出来。Nginx 上的配置如下：

  1. access_log syslog:server=unix:/data0/rsyslog/nginx.sock locallog;

或者直接发送给远程 logstash 机器：

  1. access_log syslog:server=192.168.0.2:5140,facility=local6,tag=nginx_access,severity=info logstashlog;

默认情况下，Nginx 将使用 local7.info 等级，nginx 为标签，发送数据。注意，采用 syslog 发送日志的时候，无法配置 buffer=16k 选项。

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