PyMOTW: smtplib
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2023-12-01
- 模块：smtplib
- 目的: 与smtp服务器交互, 提供邮件发送
- python版本：1.5.2+
smtplib包含了SMTP类, 用于与邮件服务器进行邮件通信.
Note
在以下示例中, 邮件地址、主机名称、ip地址都是虚假的, 但是举例说明的命令副本和响应的信息都是存在的.
发送一封邮件
SMTP最常用的方法是连接服务器并发送一封邮件, 在构造器中指定邮件服务器名和端口名, 或者你可以使用connect()方法来指定. 一旦建立连接, 就可以调用sendmail()函数, 并附带信封体参数和消息内容, 消息文本应该与RFC2822兼容. smtplib不会自动修改消息内容和头信息, 这就意味着你需要自己添加From和To等头信息.
import smtplib
import email.utils
from email.mime.text import MIMEText
# Create the message
msg = MIMEText('This is the body of the message.')
msg['To'] = email.utils.formataddr(('Recipient', 'recipient@example.com'))
msg['From'] = email.utils.formataddr(('Author', 'author@example.com'))
msg['Subject'] = 'Simple test message'
server = smtplib.SMTP('mail')
server.set_debuglevel(True) # show communication with the server显示与服务器的通信情况
try:
server.sendmail('author@example.com', ['recipient@example.com'], msg.as_string())
finally:
server.quit()
在这个示例中, 调试开关被打开了, 这样可以显示客户端和服务端之间的通讯信息. 否则, 示例不会显示任何信息.
$ python smtplib_sendmail.py send: 'ehlo localhost.local\r\n' reply: '250-mail.example.com Hello [192.168.1.17], pleased to meet you\r\n' reply: '250-ENHANCEDSTATUSCODES\r\n' reply: '250-PIPELINING\r\n' reply: '250-8BITMIME\r\n' reply: '250-SIZE\r\n' reply: '250-DSN\r\n' reply: '250-ETRN\r\n' reply: '250-AUTH GSSAPI DIGEST-MD5 CRAM-MD5\r\n' reply: '250-DELIVERBY\r\n' reply: '250 HELP\r\n' reply: retcode (250); Msg: mail.example.com Hello [192.168.1.17], pleased to meet you ENHANCEDSTATUSCODES PIPELINING 8BITMIME SIZE DSN ETRN AUTH GSSAPI DIGEST-MD5 CRAM-MD5 DELIVERBY HELP send: 'mail FROM:<author@example.com> size=266\r\n' reply: '250 2.1.0 <author@example.com>... Sender ok\r\n' reply: retcode (250); Msg: 2.1.0 <author@example.com>... Sender ok send: 'rcpt TO:<recipient@example.com>\r\n' reply: '250 2.1.5 <recipient@example.com>... Recipient ok\r\n' reply: retcode (250); Msg: 2.1.5 <recipient@example.com>... Recipient ok send: 'data\r\n' reply: '354 Enter mail, end with "." on a line by itself\r\n' reply: retcode (354); Msg: Enter mail, end with "." on a line by itself data: (354, 'Enter mail, end with "." on a line by itself') send: 'From nobody Sun Sep 28 10:02:48 2008\r\nContent-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii"\r\nMIME-Version: 1.0\r\nContent-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit\r\nTo: Recipient <recipient@example.com>\r\nFrom: Author <author@example.com>\r\nSubject: Simple test message\r\n\r\nThis is the body of the message.\r\n.\r\n' reply: '250 2.0.0 m8SE2mpc015614 Message accepted for delivery\r\n' reply: retcode (250); Msg: 2.0.0 m8SE2mpc015614 Message accepted for delivery data: (250, '2.0.0 m8SE2mpc015614 Message accepted for delivery') send: 'quit\r\n' reply: '221 2.0.0 mail.example.com closing connection\r\n' reply: retcode (221); Msg: 2.0.0 mail.example.com closing connection
注意sendmail的第二个参数, 收件人信息需要是一个list结构, 你可以在list写上很多的邮件地址, message会依次把消息发送给他们. 由于信封信息和和邮件头是分开的, 所以你可以通过一些方法参数来指定密送一些人, 但不可以在邮件头中设置.
认证和加密
SMTP同样可以处理认证和TLS(一种底层通讯的安全协议)加密. 如果服务器支持它们, 你可以自己来检测服务器是否支持TLS, 可以直接调用ehlo()来鉴定并询问服务器支持何种类型扩展. 然后通过调用has_extn()来检查结果. 一旦启动TLS, 你可以在认证之前再次调用ehlo().
import smtplib
import email.utils
from email.mime.text import MIMEText
import getpass
# Prompt the user for connection info
to_email = raw_input('Recipient: ')
servername = raw_input('Mail server name: ')
username = raw_input('Mail user name: ')
password = getpass.getpass("%s's password: " % username)
# Create the message
msg = MIMEText('Test message from PyMOTW.')
msg.set_unixfrom('author')
msg['To'] = email.utils.formataddr(('Recipient', to_email))
msg['From'] = email.utils.formataddr(('Author', 'author@example.com'))
msg['Subject'] = 'Test from PyMOTW'
server = smtplib.SMTP(servername)
try:
server.set_debuglevel(True)
# identify ourselves, prompting server for supported features
server.ehlo()
# If we can encrypt this session, do it
if server.has_extn('STARTTLS'):
server.starttls()
server.ehlo() # re-identify ourselves over TLS connection
server.login(username, password)
server.sendmail('author@example.com', [to_email], msg.as_string())
finally:
server.quit()
注意STARTTLS不会出现在扩展列表中, 因为启动了TLS.
$ python smtplib_authenticated.py Recipient: recipient@example.com Mail server name: smtpauth.isp.net Mail user name: user@isp.net user@isp.net's password: send: 'ehlo localhost.local\r\n' reply: '250-elasmtp-isp.net Hello localhost.local [<your IP here>]\r\n' reply: '250-SIZE 14680064\r\n' reply: '250-PIPELINING\r\n' reply: '250-AUTH PLAIN LOGIN CRAM-MD5\r\n' reply: '250-STARTTLS\r\n' reply: '250 HELP\r\n' reply: retcode (250); Msg: elasmtp-isp.net Hello localhost.local [<your IP here>] SIZE 14680064 PIPELINING AUTH PLAIN LOGIN CRAM-MD5 STARTTLS HELP send: 'STARTTLS\r\n' reply: '220 TLS go ahead\r\n' reply: retcode (220); Msg: TLS go ahead send: 'ehlo localhost.local\r\n' reply: '250-elasmtp-isp.net Hello localhost.local [<your IP here>]\r\n' reply: '250-SIZE 14680064\r\n' reply: '250-PIPELINING\r\n' reply: '250-AUTH PLAIN LOGIN CRAM-MD5\r\n' reply: '250 HELP\r\n' reply: retcode (250); Msg: elasmtp-isp.net Hello farnsworth.local [<your IP here>] SIZE 14680064 PIPELINING AUTH PLAIN LOGIN CRAM-MD5 HELP send: 'AUTH CRAM-MD5\r\n' reply: '334 PDExNjkyLjEyMjI2MTI1NzlAZWxhc210cC1tZWFseS5hdGwuc2EuZWFydGhsaW5rLm5ldD4=\r\n' reply: retcode (334); Msg: PDExNjkyLjEyMjI2MTI1NzlAZWxhc210cC1tZWFseS5hdGwuc2EuZWFydGhsaW5rLm5ldD4= send: 'ZGhlbGxtYW5uQGVhcnRobGluay5uZXQgN2Q1YjAyYTRmMGQ1YzZjM2NjOTNjZDc1MDQxN2ViYjg=\r\n' reply: '235 Authentication succeeded\r\n' reply: retcode (235); Msg: Authentication succeeded send: 'mail FROM:<author@example.com> size=221\r\n' reply: '250 OK\r\n' reply: retcode (250); Msg: OK send: 'rcpt TO:<recipient@example.com>\r\n' reply: '250 Accepted\r\n' reply: retcode (250); Msg: Accepted send: 'data\r\n' reply: '354 Enter message, ending with "." on a line by itself\r\n' reply: retcode (354); Msg: Enter message, ending with "." on a line by itself data: (354, 'Enter message, ending with "." on a line by itself') send: 'Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii"\r\nMIME-Version: 1.0\r\nContent-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit\r\nTo: Recipient <recipient@example.com>\r\nFrom: Author <author@example.com>\r\nSubject: Test from PyMOTW\r\n\r\nTest message from PyMOTW.\r\n.\r\n' reply: '250 OK id=1KjxNj-00032a-Ux\r\n' reply: retcode (250); Msg: OK id=1KjxNj-00032a-Ux data: (250, 'OK id=1KjxNj-00032a-Ux') send: 'quit\r\n' reply: '221 elasmtp-isp.net closing connection\r\n' reply: retcode (221); Msg: elasmtp-isp.net closing connection
验证一个邮件地址
SMTP协议包含一个命令可以询问服务器一个邮件地址是否合法, 通常VRFY是关闭的, 以防止垃圾邮件发送者找到合法的邮件地址, 但是, 如果它打开, 你可以向服务器询问这个邮件地址并接受一个状态码, 如果是可用的, 那么会返回一个可用的完整用户名.
import smtplib
server = smtplib.SMTP('mail')
server.set_debuglevel(True) # show communication with the server
try:
dhellmann_result = server.verify('dhellmann')
notthere_result = server.verify('notthere')
finally:
server.quit()
print 'dhellmann:', dhellmann_result
print 'notthere :', notthere_result
最后二行输出中表示, 地址dhellmann是合法的, notthere是非法的.
$ python smtplib_verify.py send: 'vrfy <dhellmann>\r\n' reply: '250 2.1.5 Doug Hellmann <dhellmann@mail.example.com>\r\n' reply: retcode (250); Msg: 2.1.5 Doug Hellmann <dhellmann@mail.example.com> send: 'vrfy <notthere>\r\n' reply: '550 5.1.1 <notthere>... User unknown\r\n' reply: retcode (550); Msg: 5.1.1 <notthere>... User unknown send: 'quit\r\n' reply: '221 2.0.0 mail.example.com closing connection\r\n' reply: retcode (221); Msg: 2.0.0 mail.example.com closing connection dhellmann: (250, '2.1.5 Doug Hellmann <dhellmann@mail.example.com>') notthere : (550, '5.1.1 <notthere>... User unknown')