Python之Tkinter详解
1、Tkinter是什么
- Tkinter 是使用 python 进行窗口视窗设计的模块。Tkinter模块(“Tk 接口”)是Python的标准Tk GUI工具包的接口。作为 python 特定的GUI界面,是一个图像的窗口,tkinter是python自带的,可以编辑的GUI界面,
2、Tkinter创建窗口
①导入 tkinter的库 ,创建并显示窗口
import tkinter as tk
root = tk.Tk()
root.mainloop()
②修改窗口属性
root.title('演示窗口')
root.geometry("300x100+630+80")
③创建按钮
import tkinter as tk
from tkinter import messagebox
root = tk.Tk()
root.title('演示窗口')
root.geometry("300x100+630+80")
btn1 = tk.Button(root)
btn1["text"] = "点击"
btn1.pack()
def test(e):
'''创建弹窗'''
messagebox.showinfo("窗口名称", "点击成功")
btn1.bind("<Button-1>", test)
root.mainloop()
④窗口内的组件布局
3、Tkinter布局用法
①基本界面、label(标签)和button(按钮)用法
import tkinter as tk
root = tk.Tk()
root.title("这是Demo")
root.geometry("300x200")
var = tk.StringVar() #tk专有字符串
#root---界面(需要放在那个界面),textvariable----显示文本
#bg----背景 font----字体格式,大小 width----宽度 height----高度
lab = tk.Label(root,textvariable=var,bg = 'green',font=('Arial',12),width=15,height=2)
lab.pack() #把标签置入root界面布局
on_hit = True #点击标志位
def hit_me():
global on_hit
if on_hit==True:
on_hit = False #点击交替
var.set("you hit me")
else:
on_hit = True
var.set("")
#root---界面(需要放在那个界面),text----显示文本
#width----宽度 height----高度 command----命令(执行哪个函数)
but = tk.Button(root,text = "hitme",width=15,height=2,command=hit_me)
but.pack()
root.mainloop()
②entry(输入)和text(文本)用法
import tkinter as tk
root = tk.Tk()
root.title("这是Demo")
root.geometry("300x200")
#root---界面(需要放在那个界面),show----输入的字符显示为*,可以设置成show=none
e = tk.Entry(root,show='*')
e.pack()
def insert_point():
var = e.get()
t1.insert('insert',var)
def insert_end():
var = e.get()
t1.insert('end',var)
#root---界面(需要放在那个界面),text----显示文本
#width----宽度 height----高度 command----命令(执行哪个函数)
b1 = tk.Button(root,text = "insert point",width=15,height=2,command=insert_point)
b1.pack()
b2= tk.Button(root,text = "insert end",width=15,height=2,command=insert_end)
b2.pack()
#root---界面(需要放在那个界面),height ----文本框宽度
t1 = tk.Text(root,height=2)
t1.pack(fill="x")
root.mainloop()
③var(变量)和list(列表)用法
import tkinter as tk
root = tk.Tk()
root.title("这是Demo")
root.geometry("300x200")
#root---界面(需要放在那个界面),textvariable----显示文本变量
#bg----背景 font----字体格式,大小 width----宽度 height----高度
var1 = tk.StringVar()
l = tk.Label(root, bg='yellow', width=4, textvariable=var1)
l.pack()
def print_selection():
value = lb.get(lb.curselection()) #获取列表选项
var1.set(value) #设置textvariable=var1的文本值
#root---界面(需要放在那个界面),text----显示文本
#width----宽度 height----高度 command----命令(执行哪个函数)
b1 = tk.Button(root,text = "print selection",width=15,height=2,command=print_selection)
b1.pack()
var2 = tk.StringVar()
var2.set((11,22,33,44))
#root---界面(需要放在那个界面),listvariable----列表变量
lb = tk.Listbox(root, listvariable=var2) #列表变量var2
list_items = [1,2,3,4]
for item in list_items: #列表遍历
lb.insert('end', item)
lb.insert(1, 'first') #1号位后加入first
lb.insert(2, 'second') #2号位后加入second
#lb.delete(2) #删除2后的second
lb.pack()
root.mainloop()
④Radiobutton(选择按钮)用法
import tkinter as tk
root = tk.Tk()
root.title("这是Demo")
root.geometry("300x200")
#root---界面(需要放在那个界面),textvariable----显示文本变量
#bg----背景 font----字体格式,大小 width----宽度 height----高度
var = tk.StringVar()
l = tk.Label(root, bg='yellow', width=20, text='empty')
l.pack()
def print_selection():
l.config(text='you have selected ' + var.get())
#Radiobutton-----选择按钮
#root---界面(需要放在那个界面),variable----变量
#value----值 command----命令
r1 = tk.Radiobutton(root, text='Option A',
variable=var, value='A',
command=print_selection)
r1.pack()
r2 = tk.Radiobutton(root, text='Option B',
variable=var, value='B',
command=print_selection)
r2.pack()
r3 = tk.Radiobutton(root, text='Option C',
variable=var, value='C',
command=print_selection)
r3.pack()
root.mainloop()
⑤Scale(尺度)用法
import tkinter as tk
root = tk.Tk()
root.title("这是Demo")
root.geometry("300x200")
l = tk.Label(root, bg='yellow', width=20, text='empty')
l.pack()
def print_selection(v):
l.config(text='you have selected ' + v)
s = tk.Scale(root, label='try me', from_=5, to=11, orient=tk.HORIZONTAL,
length=200, showvalue=0, tickinterval=2, resolution=0.01, command=print_selection)
s.pack()
root.mainloop()
⑥ Checkbutton(勾选项)用法
import tkinter as tk
root = tk.Tk()
root.title("这是Demo")
root.geometry("300x200")
#root---界面(需要放在那个界面),textvariable----显示文本变量
#bg----背景 font----字体格式,大小 width----宽度 height----高度
l = tk.Label(root, bg='yellow', width=20, text='empty')
l.pack()
def print_selection():
if (var1.get() == 1) & (var2.get() == 0):
l.config(text='I love only Python ')
elif (var1.get() == 0) & (var2.get() == 1):
l.config(text='I love only C++')
elif (var1.get() == 0) & (var2.get() == 0):
l.config(text='I do not love either')
else:
l.config(text='I love both')
var1 = tk.IntVar()
var2 = tk.IntVar()
#Checkbutton----勾选函数
#root---界面(需要放在那个界面),text----文本 variable ----变量
#onvalue----勾选标志值 offvalue----无勾选标志值 command----命令
c1 = tk.Checkbutton(root, text='Python', variable=var1, onvalue=1, offvalue=0,
command=print_selection)
c2 = tk.Checkbutton(root, text='C++', variable=var2, onvalue=1, offvalue=0,
command=print_selection)
c1.pack()
c2.pack()
root.mainloop()
⑦canvas(画布)用法
import tkinter as tk
root = tk.Tk()
root.title("这是Demo")
root.geometry("300x300")
canvas = tk.Canvas(root, bg='white', height=200, width=200)
image_file = tk.PhotoImage(file='C:\\Users\\admin\\Desktop\\Demo\\Demo\\1.gif')
image = canvas.create_image(0,0, anchor='nw', image=image_file)
x0, y0, x1, y1= 50, 50, 80, 80
line = canvas.create_line(x0, y0, x1, y1)
oval = canvas.create_oval(x0, y0, x1, y1, fill='red')
arc = canvas.create_arc(x0+30, y0+30, x1+30, y1+30, start=90, extent=180)
rect = canvas.create_rectangle(100, 30, 100+20, 30+20)
canvas.pack()
def moveit():
canvas.move(rect, 2, 4)
b = tk.Button(root, text='move', command=moveit).pack()
root.mainloop()
⑧menubar(菜单栏)
import tkinter as tk
root = tk.Tk()
root.title('my window')
root.geometry('300x300')
l = tk.Label(root, text='', bg='yellow')
l.pack()
counter = 0
def do_job():
global counter
l.config(text='do '+ str(counter))
counter+=1
menubar = tk.Menu(root)
filemenu = tk.Menu(menubar, tearoff=0)
menubar.add_cascade(label='File', menu=filemenu)
filemenu.add_command(label='New', command=do_job)
filemenu.add_command(label='Open', command=do_job)
filemenu.add_command(label='Save', command=do_job)
filemenu.add_separator()
filemenu.add_command(label='Exit', command=root.quit)
editmenu = tk.Menu(menubar, tearoff=0)
menubar.add_cascade(label='Edit', menu=editmenu)
editmenu.add_command(label='Cut', command=do_job)
editmenu.add_command(label='Copy', command=do_job)
editmenu.add_command(label='Paste', command=do_job)
submenu = tk.Menu(filemenu)
filemenu.add_cascade(label='Import', menu=submenu, underline=0)
submenu.add_command(label="Submenu1", command=do_job)
root.config(menu=menubar)
root.mainloop()
⑨Frame(架构)
import tkinter as tk
root = tk.Tk()
root.title('my window')
root.geometry('200x200')
tk.Label(root, text='on the window').pack()
frm = tk.Frame(root)
frm.pack()
frm_l = tk.Frame(frm)
frm_r = tk.Frame(frm)
frm_l.pack(side='left')
frm_r.pack(side='right')
tk.Label(frm_l, text='on the frm_l1').pack()
tk.Label(frm_l, text='on the frm_l2').pack()
tk.Label(frm_r, text='on the frm_r1').pack()
root.mainloop()
⑩messagebox(弹窗)
import tkinter as tk
import tkinter.messagebox
root = tk.Tk()
root.title('my window')
root.geometry('200x200')
def hit_me():
#tk.messagebox.showinfo(title='Hi', message='hahahaha') # return 'ok'
#tk.messagebox.showwarning(title='Hi', message='nononono') #警告 return 'ok'
tk.messagebox.showerror(title='Hi', message='No!! never') #错误 return 'ok'
#print(tk.messagebox.askquestion(title='Hi', message='hahahaha')) #询问 return 'yes' , 'no'
#print(tk.messagebox.askyesno(title='Hi', message='hahahaha')) #是否 return True, False
#print(tk.messagebox.askretrycancel(title='Hi', message='hahahaha')) # 重试 return True, False
#print(tk.messagebox.askokcancel(title='Hi', message='hahahaha')) # return True, False
# print(tk.messagebox.askyesnocancel(title="Hi", message="haha")) # return, True, False, None
tk.Button(root,text = 'hit_me',command=hit_me).pack()
root.mainloop()
⑾pack、grid以及place布局用法
import tkinter as tk
root = tk.Tk()
root.title('my window')
root.geometry('200x200')
#canvas = tk.Canvas(window, height=150, width=500)
#canvas.grid(row=1, column=1)
#image_file = tk.PhotoImage(file='welcome.gif')
#image = canvas.create_image(0, 0, anchor='nw', image=image_file)
#pack布局
#tk.Label(window, text='1').pack(side='top')
#tk.Label(window, text='1').pack(side='bottom')
#tk.Label(window, text='1').pack(side='left')
#tk.Label(window, text='1').pack(side='right')
#grid布局
##for i in range(4):
#for j in range(3):
#tk.Label(window, text=1).grid(row=i, column=j, padx=10, pady=10)
#place布局
tk.Label(root, text=1).place(x=20, y=10, anchor='nw')
root.mainloop()