DJango - 项目创建

方焱

2023-12-01

项目创建

需要选定一个目录作为项目的主目录
一个项目中可以拥有多个 apps

命令帮助

创建项目方法

django-admin help startproject
usage: django-admin startproject [-h] [--version] [-v {0,1,2,3}]
                                 [--settings SETTINGS]
                                 [--pythonpath PYTHONPATH] [--traceback]
                                 [--no-color] [--template TEMPLATE]
                                 [--extension EXTENSIONS] [--name FILES]
                                 name [directory]

Creates a Django project directory structure for the given project name in the current directory or optionally in the given directory.

positional arguments:
  name                  Name of the application or project.
  directory             Optional destination directory

optional arguments:
  -h, --help            show this help message and exit
  --version             show program's version number and exit
  -v {0,1,2,3}, --verbosity {0,1,2,3}
                        Verbosity level; 0=minimal output, 1=normal output,
                        2=verbose output, 3=very verbose output
  --settings SETTINGS   The Python path to a settings module, e.g.
                        "myproject.settings.main". If this isn't provided, the
                        DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE environment variable will be
                        used.
  --pythonpath PYTHONPATH
                        A directory to add to the Python path, e.g.
                        "/home/djangoprojects/myproject".
  --traceback           Raise on CommandError exceptions
  --no-color            Don't colorize the command output.
  --template TEMPLATE   The path or URL to load the template from.
  --extension EXTENSIONS, -e EXTENSIONS
                        The file extension(s) to render (default: "py").
                        Separate multiple extensions with commas, or use -e
                        multiple times.
  --name FILES, -n FILES
                        The file name(s) to render. Separate multiple
                        extensions with commas, or use -n multiple times.

创建 apps 方法

django-admin help startapp
usage: django-admin startapp [-h] [--version] [-v {0,1,2,3}]
                             [--settings SETTINGS] [--pythonpath PYTHONPATH]
                             [--traceback] [--no-color] [--template TEMPLATE]
                             [--extension EXTENSIONS] [--name FILES]
                             name [directory]

Creates a Django app directory structure for the given app name in the current directory or optionally in the given directory.

positional arguments:
  name                  Name of the application or project.
  directory             Optional destination directory

optional arguments:
  -h, --help            show this help message and exit
  --version             show program's version number and exit
  -v {0,1,2,3}, --verbosity {0,1,2,3}
                        Verbosity level; 0=minimal output, 1=normal output,
                        2=verbose output, 3=very verbose output
  --settings SETTINGS   The Python path to a settings module, e.g.
                        "myproject.settings.main". If this isn't provided, the
                        DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE environment variable will be
                        used.
  --pythonpath PYTHONPATH
                        A directory to add to the Python path, e.g.
                        "/home/djangoprojects/myproject".
  --traceback           Raise on CommandError exceptions
  --no-color            Don't colorize the command output.
  --template TEMPLATE   The path or URL to load the template from.
  --extension EXTENSIONS, -e EXTENSIONS
                        The file extension(s) to render (default: "py").
                        Separate multiple extensions with commas, or use -e
                        multiple times.
  --name FILES, -n FILES
                        The file name(s) to render. Separate multiple
                        extensions with commas, or use -n multiple times.

Example

创建项目

项目名称： demo

[root@nova-test-uxnpv ~]# mkdir /apps/dat/web/ -p
[root@nova-test-uxnpv ~]# cd /apps/dat/web/
[root@nova-test-uxnpv web]# django-admin startproject demo

目录结构介绍

[root@nova-test-uxnpv web]# tree .
.
└── demo
    ├── demo
    │   ├── __init__.py
    │   ├── settings.py                    <- 项目配置文件
    │   ├── urls.py                        <-  URL 路由文件
    │   └── wsgi.py                        <- 网络通讯接口
    └── manage.py                          <- django 主管理程序

allow host 设置

修改 settings.py 文件，可以选择输入当前用于监听 IP 或者直接写 “*”

ALLOWED_HOSTS = ["*"]

假如没有上述设定，则启动项目后会出现下面错误

DisallowedHost at /

Invalid HTTP_HOST header: 'x.x.x.x'. You may need to add u'x.x.x.x to ALLOWED_HOSTS.

Request Method: 	GET
Request URL: 	http://x.x.x.x/
Django Version: 	1.11.16
Exception Type: 	DisallowedHost
Exception Value: 	

Invalid HTTP_HOST header: 'x.x.x.x'. You may need to add u'x.x.x.x' to ALLOWED_HOSTS.

Exception Location: 	/usr/lib64/python2.7/site-packages/django/http/request.py in get_host, line 113

测试项目启动

可以用下面方法可以启动项目用于测试

cd demo
python manage.py runserver 0.0.0.0:80

可以看见有下面输出

Performing system checks...

System check identified no issues (0 silenced).

You have 13 unapplied migration(s). Your project may not work properly until you apply the migrations for app(s): admin, auth, contenttypes, sessions.  (这里是跟数据库配置及同步相关，暂时不需要去解决他)
Run 'python manage.py migrate' to apply them.

October 22, 2018 - 02:47:52
Django version 1.11.16, using settings 'demo.settings'
Starting development server at http://0.0.0.0:80/
Quit the server with CONTROL-C.

利用 firefox 可以直接进行访问

http://x.x.x.x/

网页上可以看到下面字体


It worked!
Congratulations on your first Django-powered page.

Next, start your first app by running python manage.py startapp [app_label].

You're seeing this message because you have DEBUG = True in your Django settings file and you haven't configured any URLs. Get to work!

项目 apps

习惯上, 一个项目可以有多个 apps
我们的代码都会存放到 apps 目录下并以 py 文件结尾

创建一个apps

apps 命名：tiweb

python manage.py startapp tiweb

目录结构

tiweb 目录下会生成很多 py 文件，但目前我们暂时将不会用到这些 py 文件

├── db.sqlite3                         <- 废弃，sqlite 数据库文件（我们将会采用 Mariadb 作为默认数据库，后面介绍）
├── demo
│   ├── __init__.py
│   ├── settings.py
│   ├── urls.py
│   └── wsgi.py
├── manage.py
└── tiweb
    ├── admin.py
    ├── apps.py
    ├── __init__.py
    ├── migrations                     <- 数据库处理记录相关信息你的目录
    │   └── __init__.py
    ├── models.py                      <-  用于定义数据库表结构的 python 文件（以后介绍）
    ├── tests.py
    └── views.py                       <- 习惯上， DJango 会用这个文件作为入口文件(url映射到相应的业务处理逻辑）

配置 apps
创建 apps 后，需要对 settings.py 进行修改，添加新的 apps 定义
vim demo/settings.py

INSTALLED_APPS = [
    'django.contrib.admin',
    'django.contrib.auth',
    'django.contrib.contenttypes',
    'django.contrib.sessions',
    'django.contrib.messages',
    'django.contrib.staticfiles',
    'tiweb',                                  <- 新增新的 apps 命名
]

setttings.py 设定

apps 设定

INSTALLED_APPS = [
    'django.contrib.admin',
    'django.contrib.auth',
    'django.contrib.contenttypes',
    'django.contrib.sessions',
    'django.contrib.messages',
    'django.contrib.staticfiles',
    'tiweb',                                  <- 新增新的 apps 命名
]

allow host 设定（用于允许主机监听那些 IP 地址）

ALLOWED_HOSTS = ["*"]

中文支持

LANGUAGE_CODE = 'zh-Hans'

中国时区支持

TIME_ZONE = 'Asia/Shanghai'

debug 支持

DEBUG = True

静态文件位置定义 (习惯上我们会把 js , css, images[jpg, png, gif] 等文件作为静态文件处理）
当前以 /apps/dat/web/demo/static/ 目录作为静态文件根目录

STATIC_URL = '/static/'

STATICFILES_DIRS = [
    os.path.join(BASE_DIR, "static"),
    '/static/',
]

MySQL / MariaDB 数据库连接方法

DATABASES = {
        'default' : {
                'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.mysql',
                'NAME': 'dbname',
                'USER': 'username',
                'PASSWORD': 'password,
                'HOST': 'mysqlIPADDR',
                'PORT': '3306',
        }
}

Template 定义
Template 用于存放一种动态加载数据的模板网页应用
当前以 /apps/dat/web/demo/template/目录存放 template file

TEMPLATES = [
    {
        'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
        'DIRS': [os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'template')],
        'APP_DIRS': True,
        'OPTIONS': {
            'context_processors': [
                'django.template.context_processors.debug',
                'django.template.context_processors.request',
                'django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth',
                'django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages',
            ],
        },
    },
]