SFINAE：知道函数是否已经存在

Question

基本上，我想写这样的代码：

std::vector<float> a = { 54, 25, 32.5 };
std::vector<int> b = { 55, 65, 6 };

std::cout << a << b << std::string("lol");

这是不可能的，因为操作符<<(ostream&,vector）没有重载

template<template<typename...> typename T, typename ...Args>
std::enable_if_t<is_iterable_v<T<Args...>>>, std::ostream> &operator<<(std::ostream &out, T<Args...> const &t) {
    for (auto const &e : t)
        out << e << " ";
    out << std::endl;
    return out;
}

因此，我目前正在使用！is_same_v ，但它并不完美。

有没有一种方法可以不重新声明函数就知道函数是否存在？

基本上，我想做一些类似的事情

if function foo does not exist for this type.
then function foo for this type is ...

template <class...>
struct make_void { using type = void; };

template <typename... T>
using void_t = typename make_void<T...>::type; // force SFINAE

namespace detail {
    template<typename AlwaysVoid, template<typename...> typename Operator, typename ...Args>
    struct _is_valid : std::false_type {};


    template<template<typename...> typename Operator, typename ...Args>
    struct _is_valid<void_t<Operator<Args...>>, Operator, Args...> : std::true_type { using type = Operator<Args...>; };
}

template<template<typename ...> typename Operator, typename ...Args>
using is_valid = detail::_is_valid<void, Operator, Args...>;

#define HAS_MEMBER(name, ...)\
template<typename T>\
using _has_##name = decltype(std::declval<T>().name(__VA_ARGS__));\
\
template<typename T>\
using has_##name = is_valid<_has_push_back, T>;\
\
template<typename T>\
constexpr bool has_##name##_v = has_##name<T>::value

HAS_MEMBER(push_back, std::declval<typename T::value_type>());
HAS_MEMBER(begin);
HAS_MEMBER(end);

template<typename T>
using is_iterable = std::conditional_t<has_begin_v<T> && has_end_v<T>, std::true_type, std::false_type>;

template<typename T>
constexpr bool is_iterable_v = is_iterable<T>::value;



template<class T, class Stream, class = void>
struct can_print : std::false_type {};

template<class T, class Stream>
struct can_print<T, Stream, void_t<decltype(std::declval<Stream&>() << std::declval<const T&>())>> : std::true_type {};

template<class T, class Stream = std::ostream>
constexpr bool can_print_v = can_print<T, Stream>::value;

template<typename T>
std::enable_if_t<is_iterable_v<T> && !can_print_v<T>, std::ostream> &operator<<(std::ostream &out, T const &t) {
    for (auto const &e : t)
        out << e << " ";
    out << std::endl;
    return out;
}

template<typename A, typename B>
std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &out, std::pair<A, B> const &p) {
    out << p.first << " " << p.second << std::endl;
    return out;
}

template<typename T>
std::enable_if_t<has_push_back_v<T>, T> &operator<<(T &c, typename T::value_type const &e) {
    c.push_back(e);
    return c;
}

和主要的：

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include "Tools/stream.h"
#include <string>
#include <map>

int main() {
    std::vector<float> a = { 54, 25, 32.5 };
    std::vector<int> b = { 55, 65, 6 };

    std::cout << a;

    std::cout << has_push_back<float>::value  << " " << has_push_back<std::vector<float>>::value << std::endl;
    std::cout << is_iterable<std::vector<float>>::value << " " << is_iterable<float>::value << std::endl;

    getchar();
    return 0;
}

Answer 1

您可以编写一个小的检测习惯用法来测试表达式流< 是否格式良好*。

这里使用的是std::ostream:

template<class...>
using void_t = void;

template<class T, class Stream, class=void>
struct can_print : std::false_type{};

template<class T, class Stream>
struct can_print<T, Stream, void_t<decltype(std::declval<Stream&>() << std::declval<const T&>())>> : std::true_type{};

template<class T, class Stream=std::ostream>
constexpr bool can_print_v = can_print<T, Stream>::value;

现在可以为运算符<<编写重载，如下所示：

template<template<class...> class C, class...T>
std::enable_if_t<!can_print_v<C<T...>>, std::ostream>& operator<<(std::ostream &out, C<T...> const &t) {
    for (auto const &e : t)
        out << e << " ";
    out << std::endl;
    return out;
}

std::vector<float> a = { 54, 25, 32.5 };
std::vector<int> b = { 55, 65, 6 };
std::cout << a;
std::cout << b;
std::cout << std::string("lol") << std::endl;

^{*似乎OP已经将此代码复制到他们自己的代码库中，然后修改问题以包括它，以防您想知道为什么它看起来相反}