如何在C中的分叉进程上使用POSIX信号量？

Question

sem_init(&sem, 1, 1);   /* semaphore*, pshared, value */
.
.
.
if(pid != 0){ /* parent process */
    wait(NULL); /* wait all child processes */

    printf("\nParent: All children have exited.\n");
    .
    .
    /* cleanup semaphores */
    sem_destroy(&sem);      
    exit(0);
}
else{ /* child process */
    sem_wait(&sem);     /* P operation */
    printf("  Child(%d) is in critical section.\n",i);
    sleep(1);
    *p += i%3;  /* increment *p by 0, 1 or 2 based on i */
    printf("  Child(%d) new value of *p=%d.\n",i,*p);
    sem_post(&sem);     /* V operation */
    exit(0);
}

child(0) forked
child(1) forked
  Child(0) is in critical section.
  Child(1) is in critical section.
child(2) forked
  Child(2) is in critical section.
child(3) forked
  Child(3) is in critical section.
child(4) forked
  Child(4) is in critical section.
  Child(0) new value of *p=0.
  Child(1) new value of *p=1.
  Child(2) new value of *p=3.
  Child(3) new value of *p=3.

  Child(4) new value of *p=4.
Parent: All children have exited.

这显然意味着信号量没有正常工作。你能解释一下我应该如何在分叉进程上使用信号量吗？

Answer 1

您面临的问题是对sem_init()函数的误解。当您阅读手册页面时，您将看到以下内容：

pshared参数指示此信号量是在进程的线程之间共享，还是在进程之间共享。

如果您读到这一点，您会认为pshared的非零值将使信号量成为进程间信号量。然而，这是错误的。您应该继续阅读，您将了解必须在共享内存区域中定位信号量。要做到这一点，可以使用如下所示的几个函数：

null

#include <stdio.h>          /* printf()                 */
#include <stdlib.h>         /* exit(), malloc(), free() */
#include <sys/types.h>      /* key_t, sem_t, pid_t      */
#include <sys/shm.h>        /* shmat(), IPC_RMID        */
#include <errno.h>          /* errno, ECHILD            */
#include <semaphore.h>      /* sem_open(), sem_destroy(), sem_wait().. */
#include <fcntl.h>          /* O_CREAT, O_EXEC          */


int main (int argc, char **argv){
    int i;                        /*      loop variables          */
    key_t shmkey;                 /*      shared memory key       */
    int shmid;                    /*      shared memory id        */
    sem_t *sem;                   /*      synch semaphore         *//*shared */
    pid_t pid;                    /*      fork pid                */
    int *p;                       /*      shared variable         *//*shared */
    unsigned int n;               /*      fork count              */
    unsigned int value;           /*      semaphore value         */

    /* initialize a shared variable in shared memory */
    shmkey = ftok ("/dev/null", 5);       /* valid directory name and a number */
    printf ("shmkey for p = %d\n", shmkey);
    shmid = shmget (shmkey, sizeof (int), 0644 | IPC_CREAT);
    if (shmid < 0){                           /* shared memory error check */
        perror ("shmget\n");
        exit (1);
    }

    p = (int *) shmat (shmid, NULL, 0);   /* attach p to shared memory */
    *p = 0;
    printf ("p=%d is allocated in shared memory.\n\n", *p);

    /********************************************************/

    printf ("How many children do you want to fork?\n");
    printf ("Fork count: ");
    scanf ("%u", &n);

    printf ("What do you want the semaphore value to be?\n");
    printf ("Semaphore value: ");
    scanf ("%u", &value);

    /* initialize semaphores for shared processes */
    sem = sem_open ("pSem", O_CREAT | O_EXCL, 0644, value); 
    /* name of semaphore is "pSem", semaphore is reached using this name */

    printf ("semaphores initialized.\n\n");


    /* fork child processes */
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++){
        pid = fork ();
        if (pid < 0) {
        /* check for error      */
            sem_unlink ("pSem");   
            sem_close(sem);  
            /* unlink prevents the semaphore existing forever */
            /* if a crash occurs during the execution         */
            printf ("Fork error.\n");
        }
        else if (pid == 0)
            break;                  /* child processes */
    }


    /******************************************************/
    /******************   PARENT PROCESS   ****************/
    /******************************************************/
    if (pid != 0){
        /* wait for all children to exit */
        while (pid = waitpid (-1, NULL, 0)){
            if (errno == ECHILD)
                break;
        }

        printf ("\nParent: All children have exited.\n");

        /* shared memory detach */
        shmdt (p);
        shmctl (shmid, IPC_RMID, 0);

        /* cleanup semaphores */
        sem_unlink ("pSem");   
        sem_close(sem);  
        /* unlink prevents the semaphore existing forever */
        /* if a crash occurs during the execution         */
        exit (0);
    }

    /******************************************************/
    /******************   CHILD PROCESS   *****************/
    /******************************************************/
    else{
        sem_wait (sem);           /* P operation */
        printf ("  Child(%d) is in critical section.\n", i);
        sleep (1);
        *p += i % 3;              /* increment *p by 0, 1 or 2 based on i */
        printf ("  Child(%d) new value of *p=%d.\n", i, *p);
        sem_post (sem);           /* V operation */
        exit (0);
    }
}

输出

./a.out 
shmkey for p = 84214791
p=0 is allocated in shared memory.

How many children do you want to fork?
Fork count: 6 
What do you want the semaphore value to be?
Semaphore value: 2
semaphores initialized.

  Child(0) is in critical section.
  Child(1) is in critical section.
  Child(0) new value of *p=0.
  Child(1) new value of *p=1.
  Child(2) is in critical section.
  Child(3) is in critical section.
  Child(2) new value of *p=3.
  Child(3) new value of *p=3.
  Child(4) is in critical section.
  Child(5) is in critical section.
  Child(4) new value of *p=4.
  Child(5) new value of *p=6.

Parent: All children have exited.

检查shmkey是不错的，因为当ftok()失败时，它返回-1。但是，如果您有多个共享变量，并且ftok()函数多次失败，则具有shmkey值-1的共享变量将驻留在共享内存的同一区域中，导致其中一个变量的更改影响另一个变量。因此程序的执行会变得混乱。为了避免这种情况，最好检查ftok()是否返回-1（最好签入源代码，而不是像我那样打印到屏幕上，尽管我希望向您显示键值，以防发生冲突）。

注意信号量是如何声明和初始化的。这与您在问题中所做的不同(sem_tsemvssem_t*sem)。而且，您应该按照它们在本示例中的样子使用它们。不能定义sem_t*并在sem_init()中使用它。