RESTful API(RESTful APIs)
始终需要API来创建移动应用程序,单页面应用程序,使用AJAX调用并向客户端提供数据。 如何构造和命名这些API和端点的流行架构风格称为REST(Representational Transfer State) 。 HTTP 1.1设计考虑了REST原则。 REST由Roy Fielding在2000年的Paper Fielding Dissertations中引入。
RESTful URI和方法为我们提供了处理请求所需的几乎所有信息。 下面给出的表总结了如何使用各种动词以及如何命名URI。 我们将在最后创建一个电影API; 现在让我们讨论一下它的结构。
方法 | URI | 细节 | 功能 |
---|---|---|---|
GET | /movies | Safe, cachable | 获取所有电影及其详细信息的列表 |
GET | /movies/1234 | Safe, cachable | 获取Movie id 1234的详细信息 |
POST | /movies | N/A | 使用提供的详细信息创建新电影。 Response包含此新创建资源的URI。 |
PUT | /movies/1234 | Idempotent | 修改影片ID 1234(如果尚不存在,则创建一个)。 Response包含此新创建资源的URI。 |
DELETE | /movies/1234 | Idempotent | 应删除电影ID 1234(如果存在)。 响应应包含请求的状态。 |
DELETE or PUT | /movies | Invalid | 应该是无效的。 DELETE和PUT应指定他们正在处理的资源。 |
现在让我们在Express中创建此API。 我们将使用JSON作为我们的传输数据格式,因为它易于在JavaScript中使用并具有其他好处。 将movies.js文件替换为movies.js文件,如以下程序中所示。
index.js
var express = require('express');
var bodyParser = require('body-parser');
var multer = require('multer');
var upload = multer();
var app = express();
app.use(cookieParser());
app.use(bodyParser.json());
app.use(bodyParser.urlencoded({ extended: true }));
app.use(upload.array());
//Require the Router we defined in movies.js
var movies = require('./movies.js');
//Use the Router on the sub route /movies
app.use('/movies', movies);
app.listen(3000);
现在我们已经设置了应用程序,让我们专注于创建API。
首先设置movies.js文件。 我们没有使用数据库来存储电影,而是将它们存储在内存中; 所以每次服务器重启时,我们添加的电影都会消失。 这可以使用数据库或文件(使用节点fs模块)轻松模仿。
一旦导入Express,然后创建一个路由器并使用module.exports导出它 -
var express = require('express');
var router = express.Router();
var movies = [
{id: 101, name: "Fight Club", year: 1999, rating: 8.1},
{id: 102, name: "Inception", year: 2010, rating: 8.7},
{id: 103, name: "The Dark Knight", year: 2008, rating: 9},
{id: 104, name: "12 Angry Men", year: 1957, rating: 8.9}
];
//Routes will go here
module.exports = router;
GET路线
让我们定义获取所有电影的GET路线 -
router.get('/', function(req, res){
res.json(movies);
});
要测试这是否正常,运行您的应用程序,然后打开您的终端并输入 -
curl -i -H "Accept: application/json" -H "Content-Type: application/json" -X GET
localhost:3000/movies
将显示以下回复 -
[{"id":101,"name":"Fight Club","year":1999,"rating":8.1},
{"id":102,"name":"Inception","year":2010,"rating":8.7},
{"id":103,"name":"The Dark Knight","year":2008,"rating":9},
{"id":104,"name":"12 Angry Men","year":1957,"rating":8.9}]
我们有一条获得所有电影的路线。 现在让我们创建一个通过其id获取特定电影的路线。
router.get('/:id([0-9]{3,})', function(req, res){
var currMovie = movies.filter(function(movie){
if(movie.id == req.params.id){
return true;
}
});
if(currMovie.length == 1){
res.json(currMovie[0])
} else {
res.status(404);//Set status to 404 as movie was not found
res.json({message: "Not Found"});
}
});
这将根据我们提供的ID为我们提供电影。 要检查输出,请在终端中使用以下命令 -
curl -i -H "Accept: application/json" -H "Content-Type: application/json" -X GET
localhost:3000/movies/101
你会得到以下回应 -
{"id":101,"name":"Fight Club","year":1999,"rating":8.1}
如果您访问无效路由,则会产生cannot GET error而如果您访问ID不存在的有效路由,则会产生404错误。
我们完成了GET路由,让我们现在转到POST路由。
POST路线
使用以下路由处理POSTed数据 -
router.post('/', function(req, res){
//Check if all fields are provided and are valid:
if(!req.body.name ||
!req.body.year.toString().match(/^[0-9]{4}$/g) ||
!req.body.rating.toString().match(/^[0-9]\.[0-9]$/g)){
res.status(400);
res.json({message: "Bad Request"});
} else {
var newId = movies[movies.length-1].id+1;
movies.push({
id: newId,
name: req.body.name,
year: req.body.year,
rating: req.body.rating
});
res.json({message: "New movie created.", location: "/movies/" + newId});
}
});
这将创建一个新电影并将其存储在电影变量中。 要检查此路线,请在终端中输入以下代码 -
curl -X POST --data "name = Toy%20story&year = 1995&rating = 8.5" http://localhost:3000/movies
将显示以下回复 -
{"message":"New movie created.","location":"/movies/105"}
要测试是否已将其添加到movies对象,请再次运行/movies/105的get请求。 将显示以下回复 -
{"id":105,"name":"Toy story","year":"1995","rating":"8.5"}
让我们继续创建PUT和DELETE路由。
PUT路线
PUT路由与POST路由几乎相同。 我们将指定要更新/创建的对象的id。 按以下方式创建路径。
router.put('/:id', function(req, res){
//Check if all fields are provided and are valid:
if(!req.body.name ||
!req.body.year.toString().match(/^[0-9]{4}$/g) ||
!req.body.rating.toString().match(/^[0-9]\.[0-9]$/g) ||
!req.params.id.toString().match(/^[0-9]{3,}$/g)){
res.status(400);
res.json({message: "Bad Request"});
} else {
//Gets us the index of movie with given id.
var updateIndex = movies.map(function(movie){
return movie.id;
}).indexOf(parseInt(req.params.id));
if(updateIndex === -1){
//Movie not found, create new
movies.push({
id: req.params.id,
name: req.body.name,
year: req.body.year,
rating: req.body.rating
});
res.json({message: "New movie created.", location: "/movies/" + req.params.id});
} else {
//Update existing movie
movies[updateIndex] = {
id: req.params.id,
name: req.body.name,
year: req.body.year,
rating: req.body.rating
};
res.json({message: "Movie id " + req.params.id + " updated.",
location: "/movies/" + req.params.id});
}
}
});
此路由将执行上表中指定的功能。 它将使用新的详细信息更新对象(如果存在)。 如果它不存在,它将创建一个新对象。 要检查路由,请使用以下curl命令。 这将更新现有的电影。 要创建新电影,只需将ID更改为不存在的ID。
curl -X PUT --data "name = Toy%20story&year = 1995&rating = 8.5"
http://localhost:3000/movies/101
Response
{"message":"Movie id 101 updated.","location":"/movies/101"}
删除路线
使用以下代码创建删除路由。 -
router.delete('/:id', function(req, res){
var removeIndex = movies.map(function(movie){
return movie.id;
}).indexOf(req.params.id); //Gets us the index of movie with given id.
if(removeIndex === -1){
res.json({message: "Not found"});
} else {
movies.splice(removeIndex, 1);
res.send({message: "Movie id " + req.params.id + " removed."});
}
});
检查路线的方式与检查其他路线的方式相同。 删除成功后(例如id 105),您将获得以下输出 -
{message: "Movie id 105 removed."}
最后,我们的movies.js文件将如下所示。
var express = require('express');
var router = express.Router();
var movies = [
{id: 101, name: "Fight Club", year: 1999, rating: 8.1},
{id: 102, name: "Inception", year: 2010, rating: 8.7},
{id: 103, name: "The Dark Knight", year: 2008, rating: 9},
{id: 104, name: "12 Angry Men", year: 1957, rating: 8.9}
];
router.get('/:id([0-9]{3,})', function(req, res){
var currMovie = movies.filter(function(movie){
if(movie.id == req.params.id){
return true;
}
});
if(currMovie.length == 1){
res.json(currMovie[0])
} else {
res.status(404); //Set status to 404 as movie was not found
res.json({message: "Not Found"});
}
});
router.post('/', function(req, res){
//Check if all fields are provided and are valid:
if(!req.body.name ||
!req.body.year.toString().match(/^[0-9]{4}$/g) ||
!req.body.rating.toString().match(/^[0-9]\.[0-9]$/g)){
res.status(400);
res.json({message: "Bad Request"});
} else {
var newId = movies[movies.length-1].id+1;
movies.push({
id: newId,
name: req.body.name,
year: req.body.year,
rating: req.body.rating
});
res.json({message: "New movie created.", location: "/movies/" + newId});
}
});
router.put('/:id', function(req, res) {
//Check if all fields are provided and are valid:
if(!req.body.name ||
!req.body.year.toString().match(/^[0-9]{4}$/g) ||
!req.body.rating.toString().match(/^[0-9]\.[0-9]$/g) ||
!req.params.id.toString().match(/^[0-9]{3,}$/g)){
res.status(400);
res.json({message: "Bad Request"});
} else {
//Gets us the index of movie with given id.
var updateIndex = movies.map(function(movie){
return movie.id;
}).indexOf(parseInt(req.params.id));
if(updateIndex === -1){
//Movie not found, create new
movies.push({
id: req.params.id,
name: req.body.name,
year: req.body.year,
rating: req.body.rating
});
res.json({
message: "New movie created.", location: "/movies/" + req.params.id});
} else {
//Update existing movie
movies[updateIndex] = {
id: req.params.id,
name: req.body.name,
year: req.body.year,
rating: req.body.rating
};
res.json({message: "Movie id " + req.params.id + " updated.",
location: "/movies/" + req.params.id});
}
}
});
router.delete('/:id', function(req, res){
var removeIndex = movies.map(function(movie){
return movie.id;
}).indexOf(req.params.id); //Gets us the index of movie with given id.
if(removeIndex === -1){
res.json({message: "Not found"});
} else {
movies.splice(removeIndex, 1);
res.send({message: "Movie id " + req.params.id + " removed."});
}
});
module.exports = router;
这样就完成了我们的REST API。 现在,您可以使用这种简单的架构风格和Express创建更复杂的应用程序。