使用视图
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2023-12-01
如果利用视图来简化执行SQL语句某些操作。
视图
视图是虚拟表,只是在使用时动态检索数据查询。
为什么使用视图函数
- 重用SQL语句
- 简化复杂的SQL操作,方便重用
- 使用表的组成部分而不是全部
- 包含数据,可以给用于提高表的特定访问权限,而不是整个。
- 更改数据格式和表示,当需要返回跟底层表的表示格式不同的数据。
创建视图函数后,可以用与表相同的方式利用他们,可以进行SELECT执行操作,过滤,排序数据 将视图结合其他的视图或表,甚至能添加和更新数据。
注意: 知道视图仅仅是用来查看跟存储在别处的数据,本身不包含数据,数据是从其他表检索出来, 更改与添加表中的数据时,视图将返回改变的数据。
视图函数限制规则
- 表名必须唯一
- 创建视图函数没有限制数目
- 有足够的权限
- 可以利用其他视图中的数据,来查询构造一个新的视图。
- 视图不能索引,也不能关联默认值
创建视图
CREATE VIEW
语句来创建视图。删除视图用 DROP VIEW viewname
;
mysql> CREATE VIEW ProductCustomers AS
-> SELECT cust_name, cust_contact, prod_id
-> FROM Customers, Orders, OrderItems
-> WHERE Customers.cust_id = Orders.cust_id
-> AND OrderItems.order_num = Orders.order_num;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)
创建一个ProductCustomers的视图,联结三个表,返回已经订购任意产品的客户
mysql> SELECT * FROM ProductCustomers;
+---------------+--------------------+---------+
| cust_name | cust_contact | prod_id |
+---------------+--------------------+---------+
| Village Toys | John Smith | BR01 |
| Village Toys | John Smith | BR03 |
| Village Toys | John Smith | BNBG01 |
| Village Toys | John Smith | BNBG02 |
| Village Toys | John Smith | BNBG03 |
| Fun4All | Jim Jones | BR01 |
| Fun4All | Jim Jones | BR02 |
| Fun4All | Jim Jones | BR03 |
| Fun4All | Denise L. Stephens | BR03 |
| Fun4All | Denise L. Stephens | BNBG01 |
| Fun4All | Denise L. Stephens | BNBG02 |
| Fun4All | Denise L. Stephens | BNBG03 |
| Fun4All | Denise L. Stephens | RGAN01 |
| The Toy Store | Kim Howard | RGAN01 |
| The Toy Store | Kim Howard | BR03 |
| The Toy Store | Kim Howard | BNBG01 |
| The Toy Store | Kim Howard | BNBG02 |
| The Toy Store | Kim Howard | BNBG03 |
+---------------+--------------------+---------+
18 rows in set (0.01 sec)
检索 ProductCustomers表的数据
mysql> SELECT cust_name, cust_contact
-> FROM ProductCustomers
-> WHERE prod_id = 'RGAN01';
+---------------+--------------------+
| cust_name | cust_contact |
+---------------+--------------------+
| Fun4All | Denise L. Stephens |
| The Toy Store | Kim Howard |
+---------------+--------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
解释: 用WHERE子句过滤实体中检索的特定数据。
用视图重新格式化检索出的数据
假设经常需要检索下面的语句,为了不用经常执行,把此语句转换为视图。
mysql> SELECT CONCAT(vend_name, ' (', vend_country, ')') AS vend_title FROM Vendors
-> ORDER BY vend_name;
+-------------------------+
| vend_title |
+-------------------------+
| Bear Emporium (USA) |
| Bears R Us (USA) |
| Doll House Inc. (USA) |
| Fun and Games (England) |
| Furball Inc. (USA) |
| Jouets et ours (France) |
+-------------------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
把上面的语句转成视图
mysql> CREATE VIEW VendorLocations AS SELECT CONCAT(vend_name, ' (', vend_country, ')') AS vend_title FROM Vendors ORDER BY vend_name;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
检索新生成的视图表
mysql> SELECT * FROM VendorLocations;
+-------------------------+
| vend_title |
+-------------------------+
| Bear Emporium (USA) |
| Bears R Us (USA) |
| Doll House Inc. (USA) |
| Fun and Games (England) |
| Furball Inc. (USA) |
| Jouets et ours (France) |
+-------------------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
用视图过滤不想要的数据
定一个一个emaillist,需要过滤没有email的邮件地址的客户。
mysql> CREATE VIEW CustomerEMAIList AS
-> SELECT cust_id, cust_name, cust_email
-> FROM Customers
-> WHERE cust_email IS NOT NULL;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)
解释: 要WHERE 子句过滤没有电子邮箱的客户。
mysql> SELECT * FROM CustomerEMAIList;
+------------+--------------+-----------------------+
| cust_id | cust_name | cust_email |
+------------+--------------+-----------------------+
| 1000000001 | Village Toys | [email protected] |
| 1000000003 | Fun4All | [email protected] |
| 1000000004 | Fun4All | [email protected] |
| 1000000006 | Toy Land | [email protected] |
+------------+--------------+-----------------------+
4 rows in set (0.01 sec)
使用视图计算字段
检索订单物品,计算价格
mysql> SELECT prod_id,
-> quantity,
-> item_price,
-> quantity*item_price AS expaned_price
-> FROM OrderItems
-> WHERE order_num = 20008;
+---------+----------+------------+---------------+
| prod_id | quantity | item_price | expaned_price |
+---------+----------+------------+---------------+
| RGAN01 | 5 | 4.99 | 24.95 |
| BR03 | 5 | 11.99 | 59.95 |
| BNBG01 | 10 | 3.49 | 34.90 |
| BNBG02 | 10 | 3.49 | 34.90 |
| BNBG03 | 10 | 3.49 | 34.90 |
+---------+----------+------------+---------------+
5 rows in set (0.01 sec)
换成视图
mysql> CREATE VIEW OrderItemsExpandes AS
-> SELECT order_num,
-> prod_id,
-> quantity,
-> item_price,
-> quantity*item_price AS expanded_price
-> FROM OrderItems;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)