Python的doctest是一个标准模块,而且跟docstring有很大的关系。
Python的docstring是一段特别的注释,可以通过内置的help函数来提取,形成对模块,函数,类定义的解释文档,当然也有一些其它的工具来提取docstring。编写python程序,同时也编写文档,代码和文档同时写。而doctest要编写的内容就是docstring中的一部分,或者说,doctest要编写的内容,就属于docstring的一部分。
doctest模块的作用是,在函数的docstring区域,以注释的形式,写出这个函数的测试用例,即这个函数的调用方式以及返回。这样起到两个作用:
(1)编写函数的测试用例,测试用例同时也作为docstring中的函数使用介绍用例;
(2)实现测试的自动化单元测试。
官方的一个doctest的例子:
"""
This is the "test.py" module.
The test module supplies one function, factorial(). For example,
>>> factorial(5)
120
"""
def factorial(n):
"""Return the factorial of n, an exact integer >= 0.
>>> [factorial(n) for n in range(6)]
[1, 1, 2, 6, 24, 120]
>>> factorial(30)
265252859812191058636308480000000
>>> factorial(-1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: n must be >= 0
Factorials of floats are OK, but the float must be an exact integer:
>>> factorial(30.1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: n must be exact integer
>>> factorial(30.0)
265252859812191058636308480000000
It must also not be ridiculously large:
>>> factorial(1e100)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
OverflowError: n too large
"""
import math
if not n >= 0:
raise ValueError("n must be >= 0")
if math.floor(n) != n:
raise ValueError("n must be exact integer")
if n+1 == n: # catch a value like 1e300
raise OverflowError("n too large")
result = 1
factor = 2
while factor <= n:
result *= factor
factor += 1
return result
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
下面是执行:
默认一切OK就没有输出,加“-v”可强制输出。
D:\pytest>python test.py
D:\pytest>python test.py -v
Trying:
factorial(5)
Expecting:
120
ok
Trying:
[factorial(n) for n in range(6)]
Expecting:
[1, 1, 2, 6, 24, 120]
ok
Trying:
factorial(30)
Expecting:
265252859812191058636308480000000
ok
Trying:
factorial(-1)
Expecting:
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: n must be >= 0
ok
Trying:
factorial(30.1)
Expecting:
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: n must be exact integer
ok
Trying:
factorial(30.0)
Expecting:
265252859812191058636308480000000
ok
Trying:
factorial(1e100)
Expecting:
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
OverflowError: n too large
ok
2 items passed all tests:
1 tests in __main__
6 tests in __main__.factorial
7 tests in 2 items.
7 passed and 0 failed.
Test passed.
D:\pytest>
这就是Python的doctest。
我们用Python编程,在写代码的时候,不仅同时完成了文档docstring,还同时完成了单元测试。
doctest还有更多更详细的用法,还可以增加一些可选参数来对返回的内容进行适配(毕竟是手写返回内容,而且有些返回内容在程序运行前不得而知,只知道格式和大概),请参考python官方介绍:https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html