ReactiveCocoa函数响应式编程
ReactiveCocoa(其简称为RAC)是函数响应式编程框架。RAC具有函数式编程和响应式编程的特性。它主要吸取了.Net的 Reactive Extensions的设计和实现。
函数式编程也可以写N篇,它是完全不同于OO的编程模式,这里主要讲一下这个框架使用到的函数式思想。
1) 高阶函数:在函数式编程中,把函数当参数来回传递,而这个,说成术语,我们把他叫做高阶函数。在oc中,blocks是被广泛使用的参数传递,它实际上是匿名函数。
高阶函数调用过程有点像linux命令里的pipeline(管道),一个命令调用后的输出当作另一个命令输入,多个命令之间可以串起来操作。来个例子:
RACSequence *numbers = [@"1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9" componentsSeparatedByString:@" "].rac_sequence;
// Contains: 22 44 66 88
RACSequence *doubleNumber = [[numbers filter:^ BOOL (NSString *value) {
return (value.intValue % 2) == 0;
}] map:^id(id value) {
return [value stringByAppendingString:value];
}];
上面的例子是数组里的值先进行过滤,得到偶数,然后再将每个值进行stringByAppendingString,最终输出22 44 66 88.
2),惰性(或延迟)求值:Sequences对象等,只有当被使用到时,才会对其求值。
关于函数编程,有兴趣的大家可以研究下haskell或者clojure,不过目前好多语言都在借用函数式的思想。
响应式编程是一种和事件流有关的编程模式,关注导致状态值改变的行为事件,一系列事件组成了事件流。
一系列事件是导致属性值发生变化的原因。FRP非常类似于设计模式里的观察者模式。
响应式编程是一种针对数据流和变化传递的编程模式,其执行引擎可以自动的在数据流之间传递数据的变化。比如说,在一种命令式编程语言中,a: = b + c 表示 a 是 b + c 表达式的值,但是在RP语言中,它可能意味着一个动态的数据流关系:当c或者b的值发生变化时,a的值自动的发生变化。
RP已经被证实是一种最有效的处理交互式用户界面、实时模式下的动画的开发模式,但本质上是一种基本的编程模式。现在最为热门的JavaFX脚本语言中,引入的bind就是RP的一个概念实现。
输入被视为"行为",或者说一个随时间而变化的事件流
连续的、随时间而变化的值
按时间排序的离散事件序列
FRP与普通的函数式编程相似,但是每个函数可以接收一个输入值的流,如果其中,一个新的输入值到达的话,这个函数将根据最新的输入值重新计算,并且产生一个新的输出。这是一种”数据流"编程模式。
1) 开发过程中,状态以及状态之间依赖过多,RAC更加有效率地处理事件流,而无需显式去管理状态。在OO或者过程式编程中,状态变化是最难跟踪,最头痛的事。这个也是最重要的一点。
2) 减少变量的使用,由于它跟踪状态和值的变化,因此不需要再申明变量不断地观察状态和更新值。
3) 提供统一的消息传递机制,将oc中的通知,action,KVO以及其它所有UIControl事件的变化都进行监控,当变化发生时,就会传递事件和值。
4) 当值随着事件变换时,可以使用map,filter,reduce等函数便利地对值进行变换操作。
static void *ObservationContext = &ObservationContext;
- (void)viewDidLoad {
[super viewDidLoad];
[LoginManager.sharedManager addObserver:self forKeyPath:@"loggingIn" options:NSKeyValueObservingOptionInitial context:&ObservationContext];
[NSNotificationCenter.defaultCenter addObserver:self selector:@selector(loggedOut:) name:UserDidLogOutNotification object:LoginManager.sharedManager];
[self.usernameTextField addTarget:self action:@selector(updateLogInButton) forControlEvents:UIControlEventEditingChanged];
[self.passwordTextField addTarget:self action:@selector(updateLogInButton) forControlEvents:UIControlEventEditingChanged];
[self.logInButton addTarget:self action:@selector(logInPressed:) forControlEvents:UIControlEventTouchUpInside];
}
- (void)dealloc {
[LoginManager.sharedManager removeObserver:self forKeyPath:@"loggingIn" context:ObservationContext];
[NSNotificationCenter.defaultCenter removeObserver:self];
}
- (void)updateLogInButton {
BOOL textFieldsNonEmpty = self.usernameTextField.text.length > 0 && self.passwordTextField.text.length > 0;
BOOL readyToLogIn = !LoginManager.sharedManager.isLoggingIn && !self.loggedIn;
self.logInButton.enabled = textFieldsNonEmpty && readyToLogIn;
}
- (IBAction)logInPressed:(UIButton *)sender {
[[LoginManager sharedManager]
logInWithUsername:self.usernameTextField.text
password:self.passwordTextField.text
success:^{
self.loggedIn = YES;
} failure:^(NSError *error) {
[self presentError:error];
}];
}
- (void)loggedOut:(NSNotification *)notification {
self.loggedIn = NO;
}
- (void)observeValueForKeyPath:(NSString *)keyPath ofObject:(id)object change:(NSDictionary *)change context:(void *)context {
if (context == ObservationContext) {
[self updateLogInButton];
} else {
[super observeValueForKeyPath:keyPath ofObject:object change:change context:context];
}
}
// RAC实现:
- (void)viewDidLoad {
[super viewDidLoad];
@weakify(self);
RAC(self.logInButton, enabled) = [RACSignal
combineLatest:@[
self.usernameTextField.rac_textSignal,
self.passwordTextField.rac_textSignal,
RACObserve(LoginManager.sharedManager, loggingIn),
RACObserve(self, loggedIn)
] reduce:^(NSString *username, NSString *password, NSNumber *loggingIn, NSNumber *loggedIn) {
return @(username.length > 0 && password.length > 0 && !loggingIn.boolValue && !loggedIn.boolValue);
}];
[[self.logInButton rac_signalForControlEvents:UIControlEventTouchUpInside] subscribeNext:^(UIButton *sender) {
@strongify(self);
RACSignal *loginSignal = [LoginManager.sharedManager
logInWithUsername:self.usernameTextField.text
password:self.passwordTextField.text];
[loginSignal subscribeError:^(NSError *error) {
@strongify(self);
[self presentError:error];
} completed:^{
@strongify(self);
self.loggedIn = YES;
}];
}];
RAC(self, loggedIn) = [[NSNotificationCenter.defaultCenter
rac_addObserverForName:UserDidLogOutNotification object:nil]
mapReplace:@NO];
}
[client logInWithSuccess:^{
[client loadCachedMessagesWithSuccess:^(NSArray *messages) {
[client fetchMessagesAfterMessage:messages.lastObject success:^(NSArray *nextMessages) {
NSLog(@"Fetched all messages.");
} failure:^(NSError *error) {
[self presentError:error];
}];
} failure:^(NSError *error) {
[self presentError:error];
}];
} failure:^(NSError *error) {
[self presentError:error];
}];
// RAC实现:
[[[[client logIn]
then:^{
return [client loadCachedMessages];
}]
flattenMap:^(NSArray *messages) {
return [client fetchMessagesAfterMessage:messages.lastObject];
}]
subscribeError:^(NSError *error) {
[self presentError:error];
} completed:^{
NSLog(@"Fetched all messages.");
}];
__block NSArray *databaseObjects;
__block NSArray *fileContents;
NSOperationQueue *backgroundQueue = [[NSOperationQueue alloc] init];
NSBlockOperation *databaseOperation = [NSBlockOperation blockOperationWithBlock:^{
databaseObjects = [databaseClient fetchObjectsMatchingPredicate:predicate];
}];
NSBlockOperation *filesOperation = [NSBlockOperation blockOperationWithBlock:^{
NSMutableArray *filesInProgress = [NSMutableArray array];
for (NSString *path in files) {
[filesInProgress addObject:[NSData dataWithContentsOfFile:path]];
}
fileContents = [filesInProgress copy];
}];
NSBlockOperation *finishOperation = [NSBlockOperation blockOperationWithBlock:^{
[self finishProcessingDatabaseObjects:databaseObjects fileContents:fileContents];
NSLog(@"Done processing");
}];
[finishOperation addDependency:databaseOperation];
[finishOperation addDependency:filesOperation];
[backgroundQueue addOperation:databaseOperation];
[backgroundQueue addOperation:filesOperation];
[backgroundQueue addOperation:finishOperation];
//RAC
RACSignal *databaseSignal = [[databaseClient
fetchObjectsMatchingPredicate:predicate]
subscribeOn:[RACScheduler scheduler]];
RACSignal *fileSignal = [RACSignal startEagerlyWithScheduler:[RACScheduler scheduler] block:^(id<RACSubscriber> subscriber) {
NSMutableArray *filesInProgress = [NSMutableArray array];
for (NSString *path in files) {
[filesInProgress addObject:[NSData dataWithContentsOfFile:path]];
}
[subscriber sendNext:[filesInProgress copy]];
[subscriber sendCompleted];
}];
[[RACSignal
combineLatest:@[ databaseSignal, fileSignal ]
reduce:^ id (NSArray *databaseObjects, NSArray *fileContents) {
[self finishProcessingDatabaseObjects:databaseObjects fileContents:fileContents];
return nil;
}]
subscribeCompleted:^{
NSLog(@"Done processing");
}];
__block NSArray *databaseObjects;
__block NSArray *fileContents;
NSOperationQueue *backgroundQueue = [[NSOperationQueue alloc] init];
NSBlockOperation *databaseOperation = [NSBlockOperation blockOperationWithBlock:^{
databaseObjects = [databaseClient fetchObjectsMatchingPredicate:predicate];
}];
NSBlockOperation *filesOperation = [NSBlockOperation blockOperationWithBlock:^{
NSMutableArray *filesInProgress = [NSMutableArray array];
for (NSString *path in files) {
[filesInProgress addObject:[NSData dataWithContentsOfFile:path]];
}
fileContents = [filesInProgress copy];
}];
NSBlockOperation *finishOperation = [NSBlockOperation blockOperationWithBlock:^{
[self finishProcessingDatabaseObjects:databaseObjects fileContents:fileContents];
NSLog(@"Done processing");
}];
[finishOperation addDependency:databaseOperation];
[finishOperation addDependency:filesOperation];
[backgroundQueue addOperation:databaseOperation];
[backgroundQueue addOperation:filesOperation];
[backgroundQueue addOperation:finishOperation];
//RAC
RACSignal *databaseSignal = [[databaseClient
fetchObjectsMatchingPredicate:predicate]
subscribeOn:[RACScheduler scheduler]];
RACSignal *fileSignal = [RACSignal startEagerlyWithScheduler:[RACScheduler scheduler] block:^(id<RACSubscriber> subscriber) {
NSMutableArray *filesInProgress = [NSMutableArray array];
for (NSString *path in files) {
[filesInProgress addObject:[NSData dataWithContentsOfFile:path]];
}
[subscriber sendNext:[filesInProgress copy]];
[subscriber sendCompleted];
}];
[[RACSignal
combineLatest:@[ databaseSignal, fileSignal ]
reduce:^ id (NSArray *databaseObjects, NSArray *fileContents) {
[self finishProcessingDatabaseObjects:databaseObjects fileContents:fileContents];
return nil;
}]
subscribeCompleted:^{
NSLog(@"Done processing");
}];
NSMutableArray *results = [NSMutableArray array];
for (NSString *str in strings) {
if (str.length < 2) {
continue;
}
NSString *newString = [str stringByAppendingString:@"foobar"];
[results addObject:newString];
}
RAC实现:
RACSequence *results = [[strings.rac_sequence
filter:^ BOOL (NSString *str) {
return str.length >= 2;
}]
map:^(NSString *str) {
return [str stringByAppendingString:@"foobar"];
}];
第一小节未完成,第二节讲RAC的框架概览,敬请期待哈。 有兴趣的加QQ群 134929927 一起讨论。请注明来自CSDN,谢谢。