为什么在x64 Java中long比int慢？

Question

我在Surface Pro 2平板电脑上运行Windows8.1x64和Java7更新45x64（没有安装32位Java）。

下面的代码在i类型为long时占用1688ms，在i类型为int时占用109ms。为什么在64位JVM的64位平台上，long（64位类型）比int慢一个数量级？

我唯一的猜测是，CPU加一个64位整数比加一个32位整数需要更长的时间，但这似乎不太可能。我怀疑Haswell不使用波纹进位加法器。

public class Main {

    private static long i = Integer.MAX_VALUE;

    public static void main(String[] args) {    
        System.out.println("Starting the loop");
        long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
        while(!decrementAndCheck()){
        }
        long endTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
        System.out.println("Finished the loop in " + (endTime - startTime) + "ms");
    }

    private static boolean decrementAndCheck() {
        return --i < 0;
    }

}

这表明我观察到的结果是JVM优化的怪异，而不是CPU限制。

#include "stdafx.h"
#include "iostream"
#include "windows.h"
#include "limits.h"

long long i = INT_MAX;

using namespace std;


boolean decrementAndCheck() {
return --i < 0;
}


int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[])
{


cout << "Starting the loop" << endl;

unsigned long startTime = GetTickCount64();
while (!decrementAndCheck()){
}
unsigned long endTime = GetTickCount64();

cout << "Finished the loop in " << (endTime - startTime) << "ms" << endl;



}

编辑：刚刚在Java8 RTM中尝试了一次，没有明显的变化。

Answer 1

当您使用longs时，我的JVM对内部循环执行以下非常简单的操作：

0x00007fdd859dbb80: test   %eax,0x5f7847a(%rip)  /* fun JVM hack */
0x00007fdd859dbb86: dec    %r11                  /* i-- */
0x00007fdd859dbb89: mov    %r11,0x258(%r10)      /* store i to memory */
0x00007fdd859dbb90: test   %r11,%r11             /* unnecessary test */
0x00007fdd859dbb93: jge    0x00007fdd859dbb80    /* go back to the loop top */

当您使用ints时，它很难作弊；首先，有一些奇怪的地方，我不知道，但看起来像是展开循环的设置：

0x00007f3dc290b5a1: mov    %r11d,%r9d
0x00007f3dc290b5a4: dec    %r9d
0x00007f3dc290b5a7: mov    %r9d,0x258(%r10)
0x00007f3dc290b5ae: test   %r9d,%r9d
0x00007f3dc290b5b1: jl     0x00007f3dc290b662
0x00007f3dc290b5b7: add    $0xfffffffffffffffe,%r11d
0x00007f3dc290b5bb: mov    %r9d,%ecx
0x00007f3dc290b5be: dec    %ecx              
0x00007f3dc290b5c0: mov    %ecx,0x258(%r10)   
0x00007f3dc290b5c7: cmp    %r11d,%ecx
0x00007f3dc290b5ca: jle    0x00007f3dc290b5d1
0x00007f3dc290b5cc: mov    %ecx,%r9d
0x00007f3dc290b5cf: jmp    0x00007f3dc290b5bb
0x00007f3dc290b5d1: and    $0xfffffffffffffffe,%r9d
0x00007f3dc290b5d5: mov    %r9d,%r8d
0x00007f3dc290b5d8: neg    %r8d
0x00007f3dc290b5db: sar    $0x1f,%r8d
0x00007f3dc290b5df: shr    $0x1f,%r8d
0x00007f3dc290b5e3: sub    %r9d,%r8d
0x00007f3dc290b5e6: sar    %r8d
0x00007f3dc290b5e9: neg    %r8d
0x00007f3dc290b5ec: and    $0xfffffffffffffffe,%r8d
0x00007f3dc290b5f0: shl    %r8d
0x00007f3dc290b5f3: mov    %r8d,%r11d
0x00007f3dc290b5f6: neg    %r11d
0x00007f3dc290b5f9: sar    $0x1f,%r11d
0x00007f3dc290b5fd: shr    $0x1e,%r11d
0x00007f3dc290b601: sub    %r8d,%r11d
0x00007f3dc290b604: sar    $0x2,%r11d
0x00007f3dc290b608: neg    %r11d
0x00007f3dc290b60b: and    $0xfffffffffffffffe,%r11d
0x00007f3dc290b60f: shl    $0x2,%r11d
0x00007f3dc290b613: mov    %r11d,%r9d
0x00007f3dc290b616: neg    %r9d
0x00007f3dc290b619: sar    $0x1f,%r9d
0x00007f3dc290b61d: shr    $0x1d,%r9d
0x00007f3dc290b621: sub    %r11d,%r9d
0x00007f3dc290b624: sar    $0x3,%r9d
0x00007f3dc290b628: neg    %r9d
0x00007f3dc290b62b: and    $0xfffffffffffffffe,%r9d
0x00007f3dc290b62f: shl    $0x3,%r9d
0x00007f3dc290b633: mov    %ecx,%r11d
0x00007f3dc290b636: sub    %r9d,%r11d
0x00007f3dc290b639: cmp    %r11d,%ecx
0x00007f3dc290b63c: jle    0x00007f3dc290b64f
0x00007f3dc290b63e: xchg   %ax,%ax /* OK, fine; I know what a nop looks like */

然后展开的循环本身：

0x00007f3dc290b640: add    $0xfffffffffffffff0,%ecx
0x00007f3dc290b643: mov    %ecx,0x258(%r10)
0x00007f3dc290b64a: cmp    %r11d,%ecx
0x00007f3dc290b64d: jg     0x00007f3dc290b640

0x00007f3dc290b64f: cmp    $0xffffffffffffffff,%ecx
0x00007f3dc290b652: jle    0x00007f3dc290b662
0x00007f3dc290b654: dec    %ecx
0x00007f3dc290b656: mov    %ecx,0x258(%r10)
0x00007f3dc290b65d: cmp    $0xffffffffffffffff,%ecx
0x00007f3dc290b660: jg     0x00007f3dc290b654

public class foo136 {
  private static int i = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    System.out.println("Starting the loop");
    for (int foo = 0; foo < 100; foo++)
      doit();
  }

  static void doit() {
    i = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
    long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
    while(!decrementAndCheck()){
    }
    long endTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
    System.out.println("Finished the loop in " + (endTime - startTime) + "ms");
  }

  private static boolean decrementAndCheck() {
    return --i < 0;
  }
}