当我在jupyter笔记本中使用matplotlib时，它总是会引发“matplotib当前正在使用非GUI后端”错误？

Question

import matplotlib.pyplot as pl
%matplot inline
def learning_curves(X_train, y_train, X_test, y_test):
""" Calculates the performance of several models with varying sizes of training data.
    The learning and testing error rates for each model are then plotted. """

print ("Creating learning curve graphs for max_depths of 1, 3, 6, and 10. . .")

# Create the figure window
fig = pl.figure(figsize=(10,8))

# We will vary the training set size so that we have 50 different sizes
sizes = np.rint(np.linspace(1, len(X_train), 50)).astype(int)
train_err = np.zeros(len(sizes))
test_err = np.zeros(len(sizes))

# Create four different models based on max_depth
for k, depth in enumerate([1,3,6,10]):

    for i, s in enumerate(sizes):

        # Setup a decision tree regressor so that it learns a tree with max_depth = depth
        regressor = DecisionTreeRegressor(max_depth = depth)

        # Fit the learner to the training data
        regressor.fit(X_train[:s], y_train[:s])

        # Find the performance on the training set
        train_err[i] = performance_metric(y_train[:s], regressor.predict(X_train[:s]))

        # Find the performance on the testing set
        test_err[i] = performance_metric(y_test, regressor.predict(X_test))

    # Subplot the learning curve graph
    ax = fig.add_subplot(2, 2, k+1)

    ax.plot(sizes, test_err, lw = 2, label = 'Testing Error')
    ax.plot(sizes, train_err, lw = 2, label = 'Training Error')
    ax.legend()
    ax.set_title('max_depth = %s'%(depth))
    ax.set_xlabel('Number of Data Points in Training Set')
    ax.set_ylabel('Total Error')
    ax.set_xlim([0, len(X_train)])

# Visual aesthetics
fig.suptitle('Decision Tree Regressor Learning Performances', fontsize=18, y=1.03)
fig.tight_layout()
fig.show()

当我运行learning_curves（）函数时，它显示：

user warning:C:\ Users \ Administrator \ anaconda 3 \ lib \ site-packages \ matplotlib \ figure . py:397:user warning:matplotlib当前正在使用非GUI后端，因此无法显示该图

Answer 1

您可以通过包括以下方式更改matplotlib使用的后端：

import matplotlib
matplotlib.use('TkAgg')

在第 1 行之前，将 matplotlib.pyplot 导入为 pl，因为它必须首先设置。有关详细信息，请参阅此答案。

（还有其他后端选项，但当我遇到类似问题时，将后端更改为TkAgg对我有效）

Answer 2

导入时内联添加%matplotlib有助于在笔记本中平滑绘图

%matplotlib inline
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

%matplotlib inline 将 matplotlib 的后端设置为“inline”后端：使用此后端，绘图命令的输出以内联方式显示在前端（如 Jupyter 笔记本）中，直接位于生成它的代码单元下方。然后，生成的绘图也将存储在笔记本文档中。

Answer 3

你不需要“fig.show（）”这一行。只需将其删除即可。那么它将没有警告消息。