Struts2.3.12 junit4测试用例请求和会话为空
窦宏旷
问题内容：
问题答案：
但是我已经没有struts2-spring插件，也没有在应用程序中使用spring。
我有3个测试用例，其中2个在请求为null时失败，一个在会话为null时失败
第一个堆栈跟踪
java.lang.NullPointerException
at org.apache.struts2.interceptor.MessageStoreInterceptor.before(MessageStoreInterceptor.java:228)
at org.apache.struts2.interceptor.MessageStoreInterceptor.intercept(MessageStoreInterceptor.java:193)
at com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.invoke(DefaultActionInvocation.java:246)
at org.apache.struts2.impl.StrutsActionProxy.execute(StrutsActionProxy.java:54)
at actions.TestIoOptimizationAction.login(TestIoOptimizationAction.java:29)
对应于
Collection actionErrors = (Collection) session.get(actionErrorsSessionKey);
第二和第三测试堆栈跟踪
java.lang.NullPointerException
at org.apache.struts2.impl.StrutsActionProxy.getErrorMessage(StrutsActionProxy.java:69)
at com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionProxy.prepare(DefaultActionProxy.java:185)
at org.apache.struts2.impl.StrutsActionProxy.prepare(StrutsActionProxy.java:63)
at org.apache.struts2.impl.StrutsActionProxyFactory.createActionProxy(StrutsActionProxyFactory.java:39)
at com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionProxyFactory.createActionProxy(DefaultActionProxyFactory.java:58)
at org.apache.struts2.StrutsJUnit4TestCase.getActionProxy(StrutsJUnit4TestCase.java:149)
对应于
String contextPath = ServletActionContext.getRequest().getContextPath();
我相信存在一些依赖问题。我尝试过删除一些依赖项，并一并删除，但是都没有用。
这是我的POM的样子：
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>javax.servlet</groupId>
<artifactId>jsp-api</artifactId>
<version>2.0</version>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>com.paypal.sdk</groupId>
<artifactId>rest-api-sdk</artifactId>
<version>0.7.1</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>net.sourceforge.htmlunit</groupId>
<artifactId>htmlunit</artifactId>
<version>2.12</version>
<scope>compile</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.apache.commons</groupId>
<artifactId>commons-lang3</artifactId>
<version>3.0</version>
<type>jar</type>
<scope>compile</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>commons-beanutils</groupId>
<artifactId>commons-beanutils-core</artifactId>
<version>1.8.3</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>javax.mail</groupId>
<artifactId>mail</artifactId>
<version>1.4.5</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>commons-lang</groupId>
<artifactId>commons-lang</artifactId>
<version>2.4</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>javax.persistence</groupId>
<artifactId>persistence-api</artifactId>
<version>1.0</version>
<type>jar</type>
<scope>compile</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>mysql</groupId>
<artifactId>mysql-connector-java</artifactId>
<version>5.1.6</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.hibernate</groupId>
<artifactId>hibernate-entitymanager</artifactId>
<version>${hibernate.version}</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.hibernate</groupId>
<artifactId>hibernate-validator</artifactId>
<version>4.0.0.GA</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.hibernate</groupId>
<artifactId>hibernate-c3p0</artifactId>
<version>${hibernate.version}</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.slf4j</groupId>
<artifactId>slf4j-log4j12</artifactId>
<version>1.6.1</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.apache.tiles</groupId>
<artifactId>tiles-servlet</artifactId>
<version>2.1.4</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.apache.tiles</groupId>
<artifactId>tiles-jsp</artifactId>
<version>2.1.4</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.apache.struts</groupId>
<artifactId>struts2-core</artifactId>
<version>${struts.version}</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.apache.struts</groupId>
<artifactId>struts2-json-plugin</artifactId>
<version>${struts.version}</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.apache.struts</groupId>
<artifactId>struts2-tiles-plugin</artifactId>
<version>${struts.version}</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.apache.struts</groupId>
<artifactId>struts2-junit-plugin</artifactId>
<version>${struts.version}</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>joda-time</groupId>
<artifactId>joda-time</artifactId>
<version>2.1</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.quartz-scheduler</groupId>
<artifactId>quartz</artifactId>
<version>1.7.3</version>
</dependency>
<!-- <dependency>
<groupId>junit</groupId>
<artifactId>junit</artifactId>
<version>4.11</version>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>-->
<dependency>
<groupId>commons-collections</groupId>
<artifactId>commons-collections</artifactId>
<version>3.2.1</version>
<type>jar</type>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.jboss.spec</groupId>
<artifactId>jboss-javaee-6.0</artifactId>
<version>1.0.0.Final</version>
<type>pom</type>
<scope>provided</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.apache.myfaces.core</groupId>
<artifactId>myfaces-api</artifactId>
<version>2.1.11</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>net.sf.jasperreports</groupId>
<artifactId>jasperreports</artifactId>
<version>3.7.5</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>com.google.code.gson</groupId>
<artifactId>gson</artifactId>
<version>2.2.4</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>xml-apis</groupId>
<artifactId>xml-apis</artifactId>
<version>1.4.01</version>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
<properties>
<struts.version>2.3.12</struts.version>
<hibernate.version>3.6.10.Final</hibernate.version>
<struts.jquery.version>3.5.1</struts.jquery.version>
<netbeans.compile.on.save>all</netbeans.compile.on.save>
<netbeans.hint.deploy.server>Tomcat</netbeans.hint.deploy.server>
</properties>
更新 -测试看起来像
@Test
public void login() throws Exception {
request.setParameter("email", "nitin.cool4urchat@gmail.com");
request.setParameter("password", "22");
ActionProxy proxy = getActionProxy("login");
String result = proxy.execute();
assertEquals("success", result);
System.out.println(response.getContentAsString());
}
@Test
public void testView() throws Exception {
ActionProxy proxy = getActionProxy("/optimize/view");
String result = proxy.execute();
assertEquals("success", result);
System.out.println(response.getContentAsString());
proxy = getActionProxy("/optimize/view/23");
result = proxy.execute();
assertEquals("success", result);
System.out.println(response.getContentAsString());
proxy = getActionProxy("/optimize/view/110");
result = proxy.execute();
assertEquals("success", result);
System.out.println(response.getContentAsString());
}
@Test
public void testSave() throws Exception {
request.setContent("{\"id\":\"1\",\"name\":\"nitin\"}".getBytes());
request.addHeader("Content-Type", "application/json");
request.setMethod("POST");
ActionProxy proxy = getActionProxy("/save");
actions.IoOptimizationAction myAct = (actions.IoOptimizationAction) proxy.getAction();
String result = proxy.execute();
assertEquals("success", result);
System.out.println(response.getContentAsString());
}
更新 我按照建议将测试更改为executeAction，因此，第二个测试现在看起来像
@Test
public void testView() throws Exception {
System.out.println(ActionContext.getContext());
System.out.println(executeAction("optimize/view"));
}
错误stacktrace是：
[2013-10-29 14:50:38.766] [ WARN] MockServletContext.getRealPath:298 - Couldn't determine real path of resource class path resource [org/apache/struts2/dispatcher/error_en_US.ftl]
java.io.FileNotFoundException: class path resource [org/apache/struts2/dispatcher/error_en_US.ftl] cannot be resolved to URL because it does not exist
at org.springframework.core.io.ClassPathResource.getURL(ClassPathResource.java:179)
at org.springframework.core.io.AbstractFileResolvingResource.getFile(AbstractFileResolvingResource.java:48)
at org.springframework.mock.web.MockServletContext.getRealPath(MockServletContext.java:295)
at freemarker.cache.WebappTemplateLoader.findTemplateSource(WebappTemplateLoader.java:129)
at freemarker.cache.MultiTemplateLoader.findTemplateSource(MultiTemplateLoader.java:111)
at freemarker.cache.TemplateCache.acquireTemplateSource(TemplateCache.java:646)
at freemarker.cache.TemplateCache.findTemplateSource(TemplateCache.java:622)
at freemarker.cache.TemplateCache.getTemplate(TemplateCache.java:346)
at freemarker.cache.TemplateCache.getTemplate(TemplateCache.java:235)
at freemarker.template.Configuration.getTemplate(Configuration.java:578)
at freemarker.template.Configuration.getTemplate(Configuration.java:543)
at org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.Dispatcher.sendError(Dispatcher.java:841)
at org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.Dispatcher.serviceAction(Dispatcher.java:569)
at org.apache.struts2.StrutsJUnit4TestCase.executeAction(StrutsJUnit4TestCase.java:128)
at actions.TestIoOptimizationAction.testView(TestIoOptimizationAction.java:44)
at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method)
at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:39)
at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:25)
at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:597)
at org.junit.runners.model.FrameworkMethod$1.runReflectiveCall(FrameworkMethod.java:44)
at org.junit.internal.runners.model.ReflectiveCallable.run(ReflectiveCallable.java:15)
at org.junit.runners.model.FrameworkMethod.invokeExplosively(FrameworkMethod.java:41)
at org.junit.internal.runners.statements.InvokeMethod.evaluate(InvokeMethod.java:20)
at org.junit.internal.runners.statements.RunBefores.evaluate(RunBefores.java:28)
at org.junit.internal.runners.statements.RunAfters.evaluate(RunAfters.java:31)
at org.junit.runners.BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.runNotIgnored(BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.java:79)
at org.junit.runners.BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.runChild(BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.java:71)
at org.junit.runners.BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.runChild(BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.java:49)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$3.run(ParentRunner.java:193)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$1.schedule(ParentRunner.java:52)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.runChildren(ParentRunner.java:191)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.access$000(ParentRunner.java:42)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$2.evaluate(ParentRunner.java:184)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.run(ParentRunner.java:236)
at junit.framework.JUnit4TestAdapter.run(JUnit4TestAdapter.java:39)
at org.apache.tools.ant.taskdefs.optional.junit.JUnitTestRunner.run(JUnitTestRunner.java:520)
at org.apache.tools.ant.taskdefs.optional.junit.JUnitTestRunner.launch(JUnitTestRunner.java:1060)
at org.apache.tools.ant.taskdefs.optional.junit.JUnitTestRunner.main(JUnitTestRunner.java:911)
[2013-10-29 14:50:38.810] [ WARN] MockServletContext.getRealPath:298 - Couldn't determine real path of resource class path resource [org/apache/struts2/dispatcher/error_en.ftl]
java.io.FileNotFoundException: class path resource [org/apache/struts2/dispatcher/error_en.ftl] cannot be resolved to URL because it does not exist
at org.springframework.core.io.ClassPathResource.getURL(ClassPathResource.java:179)
at org.springframework.core.io.AbstractFileResolvingResource.getFile(AbstractFileResolvingResource.java:48)
at org.springframework.mock.web.MockServletContext.getRealPath(MockServletContext.java:295)
at freemarker.cache.WebappTemplateLoader.findTemplateSource(WebappTemplateLoader.java:129)
at freemarker.cache.MultiTemplateLoader.findTemplateSource(MultiTemplateLoader.java:111)
at freemarker.cache.TemplateCache.acquireTemplateSource(TemplateCache.java:646)
at freemarker.cache.TemplateCache.findTemplateSource(TemplateCache.java:622)
at freemarker.cache.TemplateCache.getTemplate(TemplateCache.java:346)
at freemarker.cache.TemplateCache.getTemplate(TemplateCache.java:235)
at freemarker.template.Configuration.getTemplate(Configuration.java:578)
at freemarker.template.Configuration.getTemplate(Configuration.java:543)
at org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.Dispatcher.sendError(Dispatcher.java:841)
at org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.Dispatcher.serviceAction(Dispatcher.java:569)
at org.apache.struts2.StrutsJUnit4TestCase.executeAction(StrutsJUnit4TestCase.java:128)
at actions.TestIoOptimizationAction.testView(TestIoOptimizationAction.java:44)
at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method)
at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:39)
at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:25)
at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:597)
at org.junit.runners.model.FrameworkMethod$1.runReflectiveCall(FrameworkMethod.java:44)
at org.junit.internal.runners.model.ReflectiveCallable.run(ReflectiveCallable.java:15)
at org.junit.runners.model.FrameworkMethod.invokeExplosively(FrameworkMethod.java:41)
at org.junit.internal.runners.statements.InvokeMethod.evaluate(InvokeMethod.java:20)
at org.junit.internal.runners.statements.RunBefores.evaluate(RunBefores.java:28)
at org.junit.internal.runners.statements.RunAfters.evaluate(RunAfters.java:31)
at org.junit.runners.BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.runNotIgnored(BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.java:79)
at org.junit.runners.BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.runChild(BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.java:71)
at org.junit.runners.BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.runChild(BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.java:49)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$3.run(ParentRunner.java:193)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$1.schedule(ParentRunner.java:52)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.runChildren(ParentRunner.java:191)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.access$000(ParentRunner.java:42)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$2.evaluate(ParentRunner.java:184)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.run(ParentRunner.java:236)
at junit.framework.JUnit4TestAdapter.run(JUnit4TestAdapter.java:39)
at org.apache.tools.ant.taskdefs.optional.junit.JUnitTestRunner.run(JUnitTestRunner.java:520)
at org.apache.tools.ant.taskdefs.optional.junit.JUnitTestRunner.launch(JUnitTestRunner.java:1060)
at org.apache.tools.ant.taskdefs.optional.junit.JUnitTestRunner.main(JUnitTestRunner.java:911)
[2013-10-29 14:50:39.127] [ WARN] MockServletContext.getRealPath:298 - Couldn't determine real path of resource class path resource [org/apache/struts2/dispatcher/error.ftl]
java.io.FileNotFoundException: class path resource [org/apache/struts2/dispatcher/error.ftl] cannot be resolved to absolute file path because it does not reside in the file system: jar:file:/C:/Users/hp/.m2/repository/org/apache/struts/struts2-core/2.3.12/struts2-core-2.3.12.jar!/org/apache/struts2/dispatcher/error.ftl
at org.springframework.util.ResourceUtils.getFile(ResourceUtils.java:204)
at org.springframework.core.io.AbstractFileResolvingResource.getFile(AbstractFileResolvingResource.java:52)
at org.springframework.mock.web.MockServletContext.getRealPath(MockServletContext.java:295)
at freemarker.cache.WebappTemplateLoader.findTemplateSource(WebappTemplateLoader.java:129)
at freemarker.cache.MultiTemplateLoader.findTemplateSource(MultiTemplateLoader.java:111)
at freemarker.cache.TemplateCache.acquireTemplateSource(TemplateCache.java:646)
at freemarker.cache.TemplateCache.findTemplateSource(TemplateCache.java:622)
at freemarker.cache.TemplateCache.getTemplate(TemplateCache.java:346)
at freemarker.cache.TemplateCache.getTemplate(TemplateCache.java:235)
at freemarker.template.Configuration.getTemplate(Configuration.java:578)
at freemarker.template.Configuration.getTemplate(Configuration.java:543)
at org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.Dispatcher.sendError(Dispatcher.java:841)
at org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.Dispatcher.serviceAction(Dispatcher.java:569)
at org.apache.struts2.StrutsJUnit4TestCase.executeAction(StrutsJUnit4TestCase.java:128)
at actions.TestIoOptimizationAction.testView(TestIoOptimizationAction.java:44)
at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method)
at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:39)
at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:25)
at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:597)
at org.junit.runners.model.FrameworkMethod$1.runReflectiveCall(FrameworkMethod.java:44)
at org.junit.internal.runners.model.ReflectiveCallable.run(ReflectiveCallable.java:15)
at org.junit.runners.model.FrameworkMethod.invokeExplosively(FrameworkMethod.java:41)
at org.junit.internal.runners.statements.InvokeMethod.evaluate(InvokeMethod.java:20)
at org.junit.internal.runners.statements.RunBefores.evaluate(RunBefores.java:28)
at org.junit.internal.runners.statements.RunAfters.evaluate(RunAfters.java:31)
at org.junit.runners.BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.runNotIgnored(BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.java:79)
at org.junit.runners.BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.runChild(BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.java:71)
at org.junit.runners.BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.runChild(BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.java:49)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$3.run(ParentRunner.java:193)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$1.schedule(ParentRunner.java:52)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.runChildren(ParentRunner.java:191)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.access$000(ParentRunner.java:42)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$2.evaluate(ParentRunner.java:184)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.run(ParentRunner.java:236)
at junit.framework.JUnit4TestAdapter.run(JUnit4TestAdapter.java:39)
at org.apache.tools.ant.taskdefs.optional.junit.JUnitTestRunner.run(JUnitTestRunner.java:520)
at org.apache.tools.ant.taskdefs.optional.junit.JUnitTestRunner.launch(JUnitTestRunner.java:1060)
at org.apache.tools.ant.taskdefs.optional.junit.JUnitTestRunner.main(JUnitTestRunner.java:911)
<html>
<head>
<title>Struts Problem Report</title>
<style>
pre {
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h2>Struts Problem Report</h2>
<p>
Struts has detected an unhandled exception:
</p>
<div id="exception-info">
<table>
<tr>
<td><strong>Messages</strong>:</td>
<td>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>File</strong>:</td>
<td>org/apache/struts2/impl/StrutsActionProxy.java</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Line number</strong>:</td>
<td>69</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<div id="stacktraces">
<hr />
<h3>Stacktraces</h3>
<div class="stacktrace" style="padding-left: 0em">
<strong>java.lang.NullPointerException</strong>
<div>
<pre>
org.apache.struts2.impl.StrutsActionProxy.getErrorMessage(StrutsActionProxy.java:69)
com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionProxy.prepare(DefaultActionProxy.java:185)
org.apache.struts2.impl.StrutsActionProxy.prepare(StrutsActionProxy.java:63)
org.apache.struts2.impl.StrutsActionProxyFactory.createActionProxy(StrutsActionProxyFactory.java:39)
com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionProxyFactory.createActionProxy(DefaultActionProxyFactory.java:58)
org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.Dispatcher.serviceAction(Dispatcher.java:536)
org.apache.struts2.StrutsJUnit4TestCase.executeAction(StrutsJUnit4TestCase.java:128)
actions.TestIoOptimizationAction.testView(TestIoOptimizationAction.java:44)
sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method)
sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:39)
sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:25)
java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:597)
org.junit.runners.model.FrameworkMethod$1.runReflectiveCall(FrameworkMethod.java:44)
org.junit.internal.runners.model.ReflectiveCallable.run(ReflectiveCallable.java:15)
org.junit.runners.model.FrameworkMethod.invokeExplosively(FrameworkMethod.java:41)
org.junit.internal.runners.statements.InvokeMethod.evaluate(InvokeMethod.java:20)
org.junit.internal.runners.statements.RunBefores.evaluate(RunBefores.java:28)
org.junit.internal.runners.statements.RunAfters.evaluate(RunAfters.java:31)
org.junit.runners.BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.runNotIgnored(BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.java:79)
org.junit.runners.BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.runChild(BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.java:71)
org.junit.runners.BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.runChild(BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.java:49)
org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$3.run(ParentRunner.java:193)
org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$1.schedule(ParentRunner.java:52)
org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.runChildren(ParentRunner.java:191)
org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.access$000(ParentRunner.java:42)
org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$2.evaluate(ParentRunner.java:184)
org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.run(ParentRunner.java:236)
junit.framework.JUnit4TestAdapter.run(JUnit4TestAdapter.java:39)
org.apache.tools.ant.taskdefs.optional.junit.JUnitTestRunner.run(JUnitTestRunner.java:520)
org.apache.tools.ant.taskdefs.optional.junit.JUnitTestRunner.launch(JUnitTestRunner.java:1060)
org.apache.tools.ant.taskdefs.optional.junit.JUnitTestRunner.main(JUnitTestRunner.java:911)
</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="footer">
<hr />
<p>
You are seeing this page because development mode is enabled. Development mode, or devMode, enables extra
debugging behaviors and reports to assist developers. To disable this mode, set:
<pre>
struts.devMode=false
</pre>
in your <code>WEB-INF/classes/struts.properties</code> file.
</p>
</div>
</body>
</html>
问题答案：
如果使用getActionProxy方法执行操作，则需要在调用上下文中设置新的会话映射。
ActionProxy actionProxy = getActionProxy("/action");
Map<String, Object> sessionMap = new HashMap<String, Object>();
actionProxy.getInvocation().getInvocationContext().setSession(sessionMap);
actionProxy.execute();
如果您不需要引用动作代理，则可以使用executeAction方法。请注意，这
executeAction将返回结果的实际输出，而不是execute方法返回的结果。
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任何web应用程序的核心内容之一是控制和维持用户交互状态的机制。这通常被认为是会话管理，定义为一系列用于管理用户和web应用系统交互状态的措施。这广泛覆盖了从用户如何认证到他们登出时发生的任何事情。 HTTP是一个无状态的协议，意味着web服务器在相应用户请求时不需要联系其他请求。但甚至有时是简单的应用程序逻辑也可能需要通过一个“会话”来关联用户发送的多个请求。这便需要第三方解决方案的介入，通过现
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问题内容： 我正在尝试使用Python请求登录LinkedIn： 我似乎无法使用此方法登录。我什至尝试在有效负载中使用csrf等，但是会话不是应该为您解决吗？ 关于最后一行的注意事项：我使用标题来检查是否已成功登录。（如果我已经登录，则应该看到“ Welcome！| LinkedIn”，而我会看到“世界上最大的专业网络| LinkedIn”） 我想念什么吗？ 问题答案： 我修改了一个网络抓取模板，