在Linux上使用无头Chrome访问“拒绝”页面，而带头Chrome在Python上使用Selenium在Windows上运行

岳时铭

2023-03-14

问题内容：

我有在本地计算机上使用的以下代码：

from selenium import webdriver
chrom_path = r"C:\Users\user\sof\chromedriver_win32\chromedriver.exe"
driver = webdriver.Chrome(chrom_path)
link = 'https://www.google.com/'
driver.get(link)
s = driver.page_source
print((s.encode("utf-8")))
driver.quit()

并且此代码返回了该网站的页面源，但是当我在Linux服务器centos7上使用以下代码时：

from selenium import webdriver

options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
options.add_argument('--headless')
options.add_argument('--disable-gpu')
options.add_argument('--no-sandbox')
driver = webdriver.Chrome(executable_path="/usr/local/bin/chromedriver", chrome_options=options)
driver.get("https://www.google.com")
s = driver.page_source
print((s.encode("utf-8")))
driver.quit()

此代码还应该返回页面源，但是此代码返回以下内容：

b'<html><head>\n<title>Access Denied</title>\n</head><body>\n<h1>Access Denied</h1>\n \nYou don\'t have permission to access "http://www.newark.com/" on this server.<p>\nReference #18.456cd417.1576243477.e007b9f\n\n\n</p></body></html>'

有人知道为什么相同的代码在不同的操作系统上会有不同的工作吗？

问题答案：

根据您在 Windows 本地计算机上的代码试用，无头 Chrome 可以完美运行，而在使用 无头Chrome的
Linux服务器centos7上，您将被重定向到“ 访问被拒绝” 页面。

    <html><head>\n<title>Access Denied</title>\n</head><body>\n<h1>Access Denied</h1>\n \nYou don\'t have permission to access "http://www.newark.com/" on this server.<p>\nReference #18.456cd417.1576243477.e007b9f\n\n\n</p></body></html>

拒绝访问

根据文章如何使用无头Chrome浏览器绕过“拒绝访问”页面一文，无头运行与以头模式运行时，Chrome之间存在一些差异。核心网络堆栈相同，并且浏览器在数据包级别传输请求的方式没有差异，这使我们仅了解请求的内容。在检查无头Chrome浏览器发出的请求时，发现
无头Chrome 通过其User-Agent 标头让自己知道。标题 Chrome 的标题几乎与减去类似Headless。

在 无头的Chrome 用户代理是：

Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) HeadlessChrome/71.0.3578.98 Safari/537.36

解

因此，一种精确的解决方案是将用户代理设置为Chrome。 Chrome v79.x 的用户代理为：

Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/79.0.3945.79 Safari/537.36

您可以按照以下步骤修改代码并执行：

    from selenium import webdriver

    options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
    options.add_argument('--headless')
    options.add_argument('--no-sandbox')
    options.add_argument(f'user-agent=Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/79.0.3945.79 Safari/537.36')
    driver = webdriver.Chrome(executable_path="/usr/local/bin/chromedriver", chrome_options=options)
    driver.get("https://www.google.com")
    s = driver.page_source
    print((s.encode("utf-8")))
    driver.quit()

在Windows 10操作系统上执行

在Windows-10框上执行的结果：

代码块：

        from selenium import webdriver

    options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
    options.add_argument("start-maximized")
    options.add_argument('--headless')
    options.add_argument('--no-sandbox')
    options.add_argument(f'user-agent=Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/79.0.3945.79 Safari/537.36')
    options.add_experimental_option("excludeSwitches", ["enable-automation"])
    options.add_experimental_option('useAutomationExtension', False)
    driver = webdriver.Chrome(options=options, executable_path=r'C:\WebDrivers\chromedriver.exe')
    driver.get("https://www.google.com")
    s = driver.page_source
    print((s.encode("utf-8")))
    driver.quit()

控制台输出：

        [1214/041553.069:INFO:CONSOLE(0)] "A cookie associated with a resource at http://google.com/ was set with `SameSite=None` but without `Secure`. A future release of Chrome will only deliver cookies marked `SameSite=None` if they are also marked `Secure`. You can review cookies in developer tools under Application>Storage>Cookies and see more details at https://www.chromestatus.com/feature/5633521622188032.", source: data:, (0)
    [1214/041553.165:INFO:CONSOLE(0)] "A cookie associated with a resource at http://google.com/ was set with `SameSite=None` but without `Secure`. A future release of Chrome will only deliver cookies marked `SameSite=None` if they are also marked `Secure`. You can review cookies in developer tools under Application>Storage>Cookies and see more details at https://www.chromestatus.com/feature/5633521622188032.", source: https://www.google.com/ (0)
    [1214/041555.336:INFO:CONSOLE(0)] "A cookie associated with a cross-site resource at http://google.co.in/ was set without the `SameSite` attribute. A future release of Chrome will only deliver cookies with cross-site requests if they are set with `SameSite=None` and `Secure`. You can review cookies in developer tools under Application>Storage>Cookies and see more details at https://www.chromestatus.com/feature/5088147346030592 and https://www.chromestatus.com/feature/5633521622188032.", source: https://www.google.com/ (0)
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在Linux上使用无头Chrome访问“拒绝”页面，而带头Chrome在Python上使用Selenium在Windows上运行

拒绝访问

解

在Windows 10操作系统上执行

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