最近看到公司项目里用到了JMockit的框架测试,结合以往使用的Mockito和PowerMock来分析一下三者分别是如何使用的。
<dependency>
<groupId>org.jmockit</groupId>
<artifactId>jmockit</artifactId>
<version>1.31</version>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
<!-- 此依赖用于注解@BeforeMethod和@Test -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.testng</groupId>
<artifactId>testng</artifactId>
<version>RELEASE</version>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>junit</groupId>
<artifactId>junit</artifactId>
<version>4.11</version>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
关于二者的区别,这篇博客JMokit中的@Mocked与@Injectable区别说得比较详细,这里不再赘述。需要注意的是对于静态方法和构造方法,@Injectable并不起作用,而@Mocked照样起作用。另外,@Injectable与@Tested是搭配使用的,如果使用了@Tested和@Mocked集合,会报错,因为@Tested找不到@Injectable注解的实例去初始化构造方法(亲测),可通过测试方法@Injectable实例化参数来解决。
package com.demo.core.jmockit;
import com.demo.api.bean.dto.BookBaseDto;
import com.demo.api.bean.po.User;
import com.demo.api.service.IBuyBookService;
import com.demo.core.Service.UserService;
import com.demo.core.dao.UserDao;
import com.demo.core.utils.DateUtils;
import mockit.*;
import org.junit.Assert;
import org.testng.annotations.BeforeMethod;
import org.testng.annotations.Test;
import java.text.ParseException;
import java.util.*;
public class TestCase {
@Mocked
private UserDao userDao;
@Injectable
private IBuyBookService buyBookService;
//@Tested注解的不是interface,而是具体实现类
@Tested
private UserService service;
private UserService userService;
//在测试方法之前运行
@BeforeMethod
private void setUp() {
userService = new UserService();
}
@Test
public void testQueryUserListByUsername(@Injectable final UserDao udao) {
final List<User> userList = Collections.singletonList(new User("admin", "pwd123", 25));
//对于一些类的私有成员属性可以通过设值的方式来注入
Deencapsulation.setField(userService, "userDao", userDao);
//录制脚本
new Expectations() {
{
//需要录制的方法调用
userDao.selectUserListByUserName(anyString);
//录制的返回结果
result = userList;
}
};
//回放阶段
List<User> users = userService.queryUserListByUsername("admin");
Assert.assertEquals(1, users.size());
//验证阶段(匿名内部类)
new Verifications() {
{
userService.queryUserListByUsername(anyString);
//调用次数
times = 1;
}
};
}
/**
* mockUp
* 当我们只需要mock某个类的某一个方法,对于其他方法我们正常调用
*/
@Test
public void testMockUp(@Injectable final UserDao udao) {
new MockUp<UserService>() {
@Mock
public String viewUsername(String username) {
return "guest";
}
};
Assert.assertEquals("guest", userService.viewUsername("admin"));
Assert.assertEquals(23, userService.viewAge(23));
}
/**
* JMockit的另一个强大之处,可以mock静态方法(功能和PowerMock有的一比)
*/
@Test
public void testStaticMethod(@Injectable final UserDao udao) throws ParseException {
final String currentTime = "2020-09-20 15:40:00";
new Expectations(DateUtils.class) {
{
DateUtils.dateToString((Date) any);
result = currentTime;
}
};
Assert.assertEquals(currentTime, DateUtils.dateToString(new Date()));
}
/**
* mock私有属性
*/
@Test
public void testPrivateField(@Injectable final UserDao udao) {
Deencapsulation.setField(userService, "books", 2);
Assert.assertEquals(4, userService.sumBook(2));
}
/**
* mock私有方法
*/
@Test
public void testPrivateMethod(@Injectable final UserDao udao) {
Object invoke = Deencapsulation.invoke(userService, "putUsername", "admin");
Assert.assertEquals("admin", invoke);
}
/**
* 模拟@Test和@Injectable集合使用
*/
@Test
public void testCalculatePrice(@Injectable final UserDao udao) {
new Expectations() {
{
buyBookService.doBookPrice((BookBaseDto) any);
result = 48.00;
times = 1;
}
};
Deencapsulation.setField(service, "books", 2);
Object price = service.calculatePrice();
Assert.assertEquals(96.00, price);
}
}
UserService代码如下:
@Service
@Slf4j
public class UserService implements IUserService {
@Autowired
private UserDao userDao;
private int books;
@Override
public List<User> queryUserListByUsername(String username) {
List<User> userList = userDao.selectUserListByUserName(username);
if (CollectionUtils.isEmpty(userList)) {
log.warn("查询用户信息为空");
return null;
}
return userList;
}
@Override
public int updateUserByParams(User user) {
List<User> userList = userDao.selectUserListByUserName(user.getUsername());
if (CollectionUtils.isEmpty(userList)) {
log.warn("根据用户名" + user.getUsername() + "查询用户信息为空...");
return 0;
}
return userDao.updateUserByParams(user);
}
@Override
public String viewUsername(String username) {
return username;
}
@Override
public int viewAge(int age) {
return age;
}
public int sumBook(int count) {
int myCount = this.buyBook();
return myCount + count;
}
private int buyBook(){
return this.books;
}
private String putUsername(String username) {
return username;
}
public double calculatePrice() {
BookBaseDto baseDto = AnimationBook.builder()
.bookName("动物世界")
.animationPrice(20)
.build();
Object price = buyBookService.doBookPrice(baseDto);
return (double) price * this.books;
}
}
DateUtils代码如下:
@Slf4j
public class DateUtils {
private static final SimpleDateFormat dateFormat = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss");
public static String dateToString (Date date) throws ParseException {
if (date == null) {
return null;
}
synchronized (dateFormat) {
return dateFormat.format(date);
}
}
}
一般来说@Capturing不经常使用,下面单独举例说明一下,其中AnimationBookService和MythologyBookService分别实现IMemberStrategyService接口。
package com.demo.core.jmockit;
import com.demo.api.bean.dto.AnimationBook;
import com.demo.api.bean.dto.MythologyBook;
import com.demo.api.service.IMemberStrategyService;
import com.demo.core.Service.AnimationBookService;
import com.demo.core.Service.MythologyBookService;
import mockit.Capturing;
import mockit.Expectations;
import org.junit.Assert;
import org.testng.annotations.Test;
public class TestCapturing {
@Capturing
private IMemberStrategyService memberStrategyService;
/**
* 模拟@Capturing
*/
@Test
public void testCapturing() {
IMemberStrategyService animationBookService = new AnimationBookService();
IMemberStrategyService mythologyBookService = new MythologyBookService();
new Expectations() {
{
memberStrategyService.calcPrice(any);
result = 40.00;
}
};
Object animationPrice = animationBookService.calcPrice(AnimationBook.builder().bookName("动物世界").animationPrice(20).build());
Object mythologyPrice = mythologyBookService.calcPrice(MythologyBook.builder().bookName("神话故事").mythologyPrice(10).build());
//不管IMemberStrategyService的实现类是哪个,计算的价格都是40.00
Assert.assertEquals(40.00, animationPrice);
Assert.assertEquals(40.00, mythologyPrice);
}
}
package com.demo.api.service;
public interface IMemberStrategyService<T> {
/**
* 计算图书的价格
* @param bookType 不同的图书
* @return 计算出打折后的价格
*/
double calcPrice(T bookType);
}
JMockit小结:
对@Tested对象判断是否为null,是则通过合适构造器初始化, @Injectable的实例会自动注入到@Tested中。
当只知道父类或接口,但需要控制它所有子类的行为时,子类可能有多个实现,就用@Capturing。
MockUp只能模拟类,不能模拟接口
<dependency>
<groupId>org.mockito</groupId>
<artifactId>mockito-all</artifactId>
<version>1.10.19</version>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>junit</groupId>
<artifactId>junit</artifactId>
<version>4.11</version>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
首先引入MockMvc,对模块进行集成测试时,希望能够通过输入URL对Controller进行测试,如果通过启动服务器,建立http client进行测试,这样会使得测试变得很麻烦,比如,启动速度慢,测试验证不方便,依赖网络环境等,所以为了可以对Controller进行测试,我们引入了MockMVC。因为Mockito和PowerMock的使用方式基本一样,所以具体使用和下面的PowerMock一起说明。
package com.ssm.web.controller;
import com.google.common.collect.Lists;
import com.ssm.po.User;
import com.ssm.service.IUserService;
import org.junit.Before;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
import org.mockito.InjectMocks;
import org.mockito.Mock;
import org.mockito.Mockito;
import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
import org.springframework.test.context.ContextConfiguration;
import org.springframework.test.context.junit4.SpringJUnit4ClassRunner;
import org.springframework.test.web.servlet.MockMvc;
import org.springframework.test.web.servlet.setup.MockMvcBuilders;
import java.util.List;
import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.request.MockMvcRequestBuilders.get;
import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.result.MockMvcResultMatchers.status;
@RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class)
@ContextConfiguration(locations = {"classpath:test-application-context.xml", "classpath:test-spring-mvc.xml"})
public class LoginUserControllerTest {
private MockMvc mockMvc;
@InjectMocks//创建一个实例,其余用@Mock(或@Spy)注解创建的mock将被注入到用该实例中
private static LoginUserController loginUserController;
@Mock
private IUserService userService;
@Before
public void before() {
//不适用@Mock注解也可以使用如下方式mock
//userService = mock(IUserService.class);
//这句话执行以后,userService自动注入到loginUserController中。
//在这之后,你就可以放心大胆地使用when().then()等进行更详细的设置
MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);
mockMvc = MockMvcBuilders.standaloneSetup(loginUserController).build();
}
/**
* MockMvc方法解析
* perform:执行一个RequestBuilder请求,会自动执行SpringMvc的流程并映射到相应的控制器执行处理
* get:声明发送一个get请求方法。MockHttpServletRequestBuilder get(Sring urlTemple, Object… urlVariables):根据url模板和url变量值得到一个GET请求方式的。另外提供了其他的请求方法,如:POST、PUT、DELETE等
* param:添加request的参数,如上面发送请求的时候戴上了pcode=root的参数。假如使用需要发送json数据格式的时候将不能使用这种方式。
* andExpect:添加ResultMatcher验证规则,验证控制器执行完成后结果是否正确(对返回的数据进行的判断)
* andDo:添加ResultHandler结果处理器,比如调试时打印结果到控制台(对返回的数据进行的判断)
* andReturn:最后返回相应的MvcResult:然后进行自定义验证/进行下一步异常处理(对返回的数据进行的判断)
* contentType 指定org.springframework.http.MediaType 指定请求参数类型json之类的
* @throws Exception
*/
@Test
public void testCheckLoginUser() throws Exception{
List<User> userList = Lists.newArrayList();
User user = new User();
user.setAge(10);
user.setUsername("Jay Chen");
user.setPassword("admin");
userList.add(user);
Mockito.when(userService.queryUserListByUsername(Mockito.anyString())).thenReturn(userList);
mockMvc.perform(get("/cf/queryUserList")
.param("username", "chen"))
.andExpect(status().isOk())
.andReturn();
verify(userService).queryUserListByUsername(Mockito.anyString());
}
}
Mockito小结:
在单元测试中使用@Mock, @Spy, @InjectMocks等注解时,需要进行初始化后才能使用。
MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this),其中this就是单元测试所在的类,在initMocks函数中Mockito会根据类中不同的注解(如@Mock, @Spy等)创建不同的mock对象,即初始化工作
<dependency>
<groupId>org.powermock</groupId>
<artifactId>powermock-module-junit4</artifactId>
<version>1.7.4</version>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.powermock</groupId>
<artifactId>powermock-api-mockito</artifactId>
<version>1.7.0</version>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.mockito</groupId>
<artifactId>mockito-all</artifactId>
<version>1.10.19</version>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>junit</groupId>
<artifactId>junit</artifactId>
<version>4.11</version>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
一般情况下,PowerMock结合Mockito一起使用。需要注意的是,PowerMock和Mockito会存在jar包版本的冲突,详情可见此链接。(https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/mockito-2x-over-powermock-migration-tips-tricks-top-ten-hazem-saleh?trk=seokp-post-title)
package com.demo.core.powermock;
import com.demo.api.bean.po.User;
import com.demo.api.service.IBuyBookService;
import com.demo.api.service.IUserService;
import com.demo.core.Service.UserService;
import com.demo.core.dao.UserDao;
import com.demo.core.utils.DateUtils;
import org.junit.Assert;
import org.junit.Before;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
import org.mockito.Mock;
import org.mockito.Mockito;
import org.powermock.api.mockito.PowerMockito;
import org.powermock.core.classloader.annotations.PrepareForTest;
import org.powermock.modules.junit4.PowerMockRunner;
import org.powermock.reflect.Whitebox;
import org.springframework.test.util.ReflectionTestUtils;
import java.lang.reflect.Method;
import java.text.ParseException;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Date;
import java.util.List;
/**
* @RunWith(PowerMockRunner.class)语句告诉JUnit用PowerMockRunner来执行测试。
* @PrepareForTest(DateUtils.class)语句告诉PowerMock准备DateUtils类进行测试。
* 适用于模拟final类或有final, private, static, native方法的类。
**/
@RunWith(PowerMockRunner.class)
@PrepareForTest({DateUtils.class})//如果注解在某个测试方法上,单个的测试类会初始化错误(亲测)
public class UserServiceTest {
private IUserService userService;
@Mock
private UserDao userDao;
@Mock
private IBuyBookService buyBookService;
@Before
public void setUp() {
userService = new UserService();
userDao = PowerMockito.mock(UserDao.class);
ReflectionTestUtils.setField(userService, "userDao", userDao);
buyBookService = PowerMockito.mock(IBuyBookService.class);
ReflectionTestUtils.setField(userService, "buyBookService", buyBookService);
}
/**
* 一般使用方式
* @throws Exception
*/
@Test
public void testQueryUserListByUsername() throws Exception {
List<User> userList = Arrays.asList(new User("chen", "admin", 25), new User("fei", "24", 24));
PowerMockito.when(userDao.selectUserListByUserName(Mockito.anyString())).thenReturn(userList);
//测试抛出异常
//PowerMockito.when(userDao.selectUserListByUserName(Mockito.anyString())).thenThrow(new RuntimeException());
List<User> users = userService.queryUserListByUsername("chen");
Assert.assertEquals(2, users.size());
}
/**
* 静态方法mock
* @throws ParseException
*/
@Test
public void testStaticMethod() throws ParseException {
String date = "2020-09-20 15:40:00";
PowerMockito.mockStatic(DateUtils.class);
PowerMockito.when(DateUtils.dateToString(Mockito.any((Date.class)))).thenReturn(date);
Assert.assertEquals(date, userService.getTime());
}
/**
* mock私有属性
*/
@Test
public void testPrivateField() throws IllegalAccessException {
PowerMockito.field(UserService.class, "books").set(userService, 2);
Assert.assertEquals(2, userService.viewBooks(1));
}
/**
* 测试私有方法一
*/
@Test
public void testPrivateMethod() throws Exception {
//此种方式一般在public或protected方法中mock私有方法
//PowerMockito.doReturn("admin").when(userService, "putUsername", "admin");
//第一个参数是私有方法所在类,第二个参数是私有方法名,第三个参数是私有方法参数
Method method = PowerMockito.method(UserService.class, "putUsername", String.class);
Object invoke = method.invoke(userService, "admin");
Assert.assertEquals("admin", invoke);
}
/**
* 测试私有方法二
*/
@Test
public void testPrivateMethod_2() throws Exception {
Object obj = Whitebox.invokeMethod(userService, "putUsername", "admin");
Assert.assertEquals("admin", obj);
}
}
从上面JMockit和PowerMock的举例来看,二者的功能非常相似,用法也很相近。都可以对静态方法或属性以及对私有方法进行mock。不过可以看到,JMockit的使用比起PowerMock更加轻量级,不需要对类进行整个注解,只需在单个测试用例中使用即可。PowerMock相当于是Mockito的升级版,Mockito不能实现对静态方法的mock,而PowerMock却弥补了这一点,它是无所不能的,正如其名字一样。