shell - Bash中是否有TRY CATCH命令
我正在编写一个shell脚本,需要检查是否已安装终端应用程序。 我想使用TRY / CATCH命令来执行此操作,除非有更简洁的方法。
10个解决方案
351 votes
Bash中有TRY CATCH命令吗?
没有。
Bash并没有像许多编程语言中那样多的奢侈品。
bash中没有if...else; 但是,使用command2或command1可以实现类似的行为。
使用if...else:
如果if...else失败,则command2运行如下
command1 || command2
同样,如果command1成功,将使用if...else,command2
最接近if...else如下
{ # try
command1 &&
#save your output
} || { # catch
# save log for exception
}
bash也包含一些错误处理机制
set -e
如果简单命令失败,它将立即停止您的脚本。 我认为这应该是默认行为。 由于这些错误几乎总是意味着意外的事情,因此继续执行以下命令并不是“理智”。
而且为什么不是if...else.这是你最好的朋友。
Jayesh Bhoi answered 2019-03-05T20:59:35Z
73 votes
基于我在这里找到的一些答案,我为自己的项目提供了一个小帮手文件:
trycatch.sh
#!/bin/bash
function try()
{
[[ $- = *e* ]]; SAVED_OPT_E=$?
set +e
}
function throw()
{
exit $1
}
function catch()
{
export ex_code=$?
(( $SAVED_OPT_E )) && set +e
return $ex_code
}
function throwErrors()
{
set -e
}
function ignoreErrors()
{
set +e
}
这是一个如何使用的示例:
#!/bin/bash
export AnException=100
export AnotherException=101
# start with a try
try
( # open a subshell !!!
echo "do something"
[ someErrorCondition ] && throw $AnException
echo "do something more"
executeCommandThatMightFail || throw $AnotherException
throwErrors # automaticatly end the try block, if command-result is non-null
echo "now on to something completely different"
executeCommandThatMightFail
echo "it's a wonder we came so far"
executeCommandThatFailsForSure || true # ignore a single failing command
ignoreErrors # ignore failures of commands until further notice
executeCommand1ThatFailsForSure
local result = $(executeCommand2ThatFailsForSure)
[ result != "expected error" ] && throw $AnException # ok, if it's not an expected error, we want to bail out!
executeCommand3ThatFailsForSure
echo "finished"
)
# directly after closing the subshell you need to connect a group to the catch using ||
catch || {
# now you can handle
case $ex_code in
$AnException)
echo "AnException was thrown"
;;
$AnotherException)
echo "AnotherException was thrown"
;;
*)
echo "An unexpected exception was thrown"
throw $ex_code # you can rethrow the "exception" causing the script to exit if not caught
;;
esac
}
Mathias Henze answered 2019-03-05T21:00:12Z
53 votes
我已经开发了一个几乎完美的尝试& 在bash中捕获实现,允许您编写如下代码:
try
echo 'Hello'
false
echo 'This will not be displayed'
catch
echo "Error in $__EXCEPTION_SOURCE__ at line: $__EXCEPTION_LINE__!"
你甚至可以将try-catch块嵌入其中!
try {
echo 'Hello'
try {
echo 'Nested Hello'
false
echo 'This will not execute'
} catch {
echo "Nested Caught (@ $__EXCEPTION_LINE__)"
}
false
echo 'This will not execute too'
} catch {
echo "Error in $__EXCEPTION_SOURCE__ at line: $__EXCEPTION_LINE__!"
}
代码是我的bash样板/框架的一部分。 它进一步扩展了try& amp; 通过回溯和异常(以及其他一些不错的功能)来处理错误处理等事情。
这是代码,它只对try& 抓住:
set -o pipefail
shopt -s expand_aliases
declare -ig __oo__insideTryCatch=0
# if try-catch is nested, then set +e before so the parent handler doesn't catch us
alias try="[[ \$__oo__insideTryCatch -gt 0 ]] && set +e;
__oo__insideTryCatch+=1; ( set -e;
trap \"Exception.Capture \${LINENO}; \" ERR;"
alias catch=" ); Exception.Extract \$? || "
Exception.Capture() {
local script="${BASH_SOURCE[1]#./}"
if [[ ! -f /tmp/stored_exception_source ]]; then
echo "$script" > /tmp/stored_exception_source
fi
if [[ ! -f /tmp/stored_exception_line ]]; then
echo "$1" > /tmp/stored_exception_line
fi
return 0
}
Exception.Extract() {
if [[ $__oo__insideTryCatch -gt 1 ]]
then
set -e
fi
__oo__insideTryCatch+=-1
__EXCEPTION_CATCH__=( $(Exception.GetLastException) )
local retVal=$1
if [[ $retVal -gt 0 ]]
then
# BACKWARDS COMPATIBILE WAY:
# export __EXCEPTION_SOURCE__="${__EXCEPTION_CATCH__[(${#__EXCEPTION_CATCH__[@]}-1)]}"
# export __EXCEPTION_LINE__="${__EXCEPTION_CATCH__[(${#__EXCEPTION_CATCH__[@]}-2)]}"
export __EXCEPTION_SOURCE__="${__EXCEPTION_CATCH__[-1]}"
export __EXCEPTION_LINE__="${__EXCEPTION_CATCH__[-2]}"
export __EXCEPTION__="${__EXCEPTION_CATCH__[@]:0:(${#__EXCEPTION_CATCH__[@]} - 2)}"
return 1 # so that we may continue with a "catch"
fi
}
Exception.GetLastException() {
if [[ -f /tmp/stored_exception ]] && [[ -f /tmp/stored_exception_line ]] && [[ -f /tmp/stored_exception_source ]]
then
cat /tmp/stored_exception
cat /tmp/stored_exception_line
cat /tmp/stored_exception_source
else
echo -e " \n${BASH_LINENO[1]}\n${BASH_SOURCE[2]#./}"
fi
rm -f /tmp/stored_exception /tmp/stored_exception_line /tmp/stored_exception_source
return 0
}
随意使用,分叉和贡献 - 它在GitHub上。
niieani answered 2019-03-05T21:00:39Z
11 votes
-e在sth检测到错误状态的情况下不会中止正在运行的执行(除非您设置exit标志)。 提供try/catch的编程语言是为了抑制由于这种特殊情况而导致的“纾困”(因此通常称为“异常”)。
相反,在-e中,只有相关命令将以退出代码大于0退出,表示错误状态。 当然可以检查,但由于没有自动拯救任何东西,尝试/捕获没有意义。 它只是缺乏这种背景。
但是,你可以通过使用子shell来模拟拯救,这些子shell可以在你决定的点终止:
(
echo "Do one thing"
echo "Do another thing"
if some_condition
then
exit 3 #
fi
echo "Do yet another thing"
echo "And do a last thing"
) #
if [ $? = 3 ]
then
echo "Bail out detected"
fi
你也可以尝试一个命令而不是那个-e,如果它失败(退出代码大于0),纾困:
(
echo "Do one thing"
echo "Do another thing"
some_command || exit 3
echo "Do yet another thing"
echo "And do a last thing"
)
...
不幸的是,使用这种技术,你只能使用255个不同的退出代码(1..255),并且不能使用任何体面的异常对象。
如果你需要更多信息传递模拟异常,你可以使用子shell的stdout,但这有点复杂,也许是另一个问题;-)
使用上面提到的-e标志到shell,您甚至可以删除明确的exit语句:
(
set -e
echo "Do one thing"
echo "Do another thing"
some_command
echo "Do yet another thing"
echo "And do a last thing"
)
...
Alfe answered 2019-03-05T21:01:45Z
11 votes
正如大家所说,bash没有适当的语言支持的try / catch语法。 如果任何命令具有非零退出代码,您可以使用-e参数启动bash或在脚本内使用set -e中止整个bash进程。 (您也可以set +e暂时允许失败的命令。)
因此,模拟try / catch块的一种技术是启动子进程以启用-e。 然后在主进程中,检查子进程的返回码。
Bash支持heredoc字符串,因此您不必编写两个单独的文件来处理它。 在下面的示例中,TRY heredoc将在单独的bash实例中运行,并启用-e,因此如果任何命令返回非零退出代码,则子进程将崩溃。 然后,回到主进程,我们可以检查返回代码来处理catch块。
#!/bin/bash
set +e
bash -e <
echo hello
cd /does/not/exist
echo world
TRY
if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
echo caught exception
fi
它不是一个适当的语言支持的try / catch块,但它可能会为你划伤类似的痒。
Dan Fabulich answered 2019-03-05T21:02:35Z
9 votes
你可以使用try { block A } catch { block B } finally { block C }:
try { block A } catch { block B } finally { block C }
翻译为:
(
set -Ee
function _catch {
block B
exit 0 # optional; use if you don't want to propagate (rethrow) error to outer shell
}
function _finally {
block C
}
trap _catch ERR
trap _finally EXIT
block A
)
Mark K Cowan answered 2019-03-05T21:03:14Z
7 votes
有这么多类似的解决方案可能有效。 下面是一个简单而有效的方法来完成try / catch,并在注释中进行了解释。
#!/bin/bash
function a() {
# do some stuff here
}
function b() {
# do more stuff here
}
# this subshell is a scope of try
# try
(
# this flag will make to exit from current subshell on any error
# inside it (all functions run inside will also break on any error)
set -e
a
b
# do more stuff here
)
# and here we catch errors
# catch
errorCode=$?
if [ $errorCode -ne 0 ]; then
echo "We have an error"
# We exit the all script with the same error, if you don't want to
# exit it and continue, just delete this line.
exit $errorCode
fi
Kostanos answered 2019-03-05T21:03:40Z
4 votes
你有陷阱[http://www.tldp.org/LDP/Bash-Beginners-Guide/html/sect_12_02.html]这是不一样的,但你可以用于此目的的其他技术
Eran Ben-Natan answered 2019-03-05T21:04:07Z
1 votes
你可以做:
#!/bin/bash
if ; then # TRY
else # CATCH
echo 'Exception'
fi
Davidson Lima answered 2019-03-05T21:04:29Z
0 votes
我使用的一件非常简单的事情:
try() {
"$@" || (e=$?; echo "$@" > /dev/stderr; exit $e)
}
syberghost answered 2019-03-05T21:04:55Z