TW1 Just enough grammar (optional unit) |技术写作1：语法基础（选学）
汉语仅辅助英语理解，建议还是多多关注英文原文。
目录
Conjunctions and transitions连词和过渡词
This unit provides just enough grammar to understand the remainder of the course. If you already know some grammar, move on to Words. Otherwise, read on.
本单元教你掌握学习本课程的必备语法知识。如果你很熟悉英语语法，可以直接跳到下一单元【词汇】。
For simplicity's sake, this unit takes a few shortcuts; grammatical topics are actually wildly more complicated than this unit suggests.
为简明扼要，本单元仅列出了一些要点，但实际上，英语语法的范围远远超出本单元的内容。
Grammarians don't all agree on the number or types of parts of speech. The following table focuses on the parts of speech relevant to this course:
关于词性的数量和种类，语法学家们并未达成一致。下表仅列出了与本课程相关的词性。
| Part of Speech词性 | Definition定义 | Example示例 |
|---|---|---|
| Noun 名词 | a person, place, concept, or thing 人、地方、概念、物体 | Sam runs races. 山姆参加赛跑。 |
| Pronoun 代词 | a noun that replaces another noun (or larger structure) 指代另一名词（或更大结构）的名词 | Sam runs races. He likes to compete. 山姆参加赛跑。他喜欢比赛。 |
| Adjective 形容词 | a word or phrase that modifies a noun 修饰名词的单词或词组 | Sam wears blue shoes. 山姆穿着蓝色的鞋子。 |
| Verb 动词 | an action word or phrase 表示行为动作的单词或词组 | Sam runs races. 山姆参加赛跑。 |
| Adverb 副词 | a word or phrase that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb 修饰动词、形容词或其他副词的单词或词组 | Sam runs slowly. 山姆跑得慢。 |
| Preposition 介词 | a word or phrase specifying the positional relationship of two nouns 说明两个名词位置关系的单词或词组 | Sam's sneakers are seldom on his shelf. 山姆的运动鞋很少在鞋架上。 |
| Conjunction 连词 | a word that connects two nouns or phrases 连接两个名词或词组的单词 | Sam's trophies and ribbons live only in his imagination. 山姆的奖杯和缎带仅活在他的想象中。 |
| Transition 过渡词 | a word or phrase that connects two sentences 连接两个句子的单词或短语 | Sam runs races weekly. However, he finishes races weakly. 山姆每周参加比赛。然而，他跑得很差。 |
Nouns名词
Nouns represent people, places, or things. Judy, Antarctica, and hammers are all nouns, but so are intangible concepts like robustness and perfection. In the following example passage, we've formatted the nouns in bold:
名词指人、地点或物体。名词既包括具象名词，如朱迪（人名）、南极洲和锤子，也包括抽象概念，如健壮和完美。以下段文字为例，我们已经将其中的名词加粗：
In the framework, an object must copy any underlying values that the object wants to change. The protos in the codebase are huge, so copying the protos is unacceptably expensive.
In programming, you might think of classes and variables as your program's nouns.
在编程中，“类”与”变量“是程序中的名词。
Exercise练习
Identify the six nouns in the following passage:
找出下文中的六个名词：
C enables programmers to control pointers and memory. Great power brings great responsibility.
（答案已加粗）
Pronouns代词
Pronouns are an indirection layer—pointers to or substitutions for other nouns or sentences. For example, consider the following two sentences:
代词是一个间接层，指向或替代其他名词或句子。以下面两句为例：
Janet writes great code. She is a senior staff engineer.
珍妮特写得一手好代码。她是一位资深工程师。
In the preceding example, the first sentence establishes Janet as a noun. The second sentence replaces the noun Janet with the pronoun She.
在上面的例子中，第一句中的珍妮特是名词，第二句用代词她替代了珍妮特。
In the following example, the pronoun This replaces an entire sentence:
在下例中，代词“这”用于指代整个句子。
Most applications aren't sufficiently tested. This is poor engineering.
多数应用程序未经过充分测试。这是糟糕的工程。
Exercise练习
Identify the three pronouns in the following passage:
找出下文中的三个代词：
The cafeteria featured peashew butter and pluot jam on pumperye toast. Employees found it awesome and wished they could eat this every day.
（答案已加粗）
Verbs动词
A verb is an action word or phrase. When you want to represent the relationship between two nouns (an actor and a target), the verb does the work. A verb identifies what the actor does to the target.
动词是表示行动的单词或词组，可以用来描述两个名词之间的关系（如“演员”与“目标”），动词可以用来表示演员对目标做了什么动作。
Each sentence must contain at least one verb. For example, each of the following sentences contain a single verb:
每个句子必须至少包含一个动词。例如，下列每个句子都包含一个动词：
- Sakai prefers pasta. 酒井喜欢意面。
- Rick likes the ocean. 里奇喜欢大海。
- Smurfs are blue. 蓝精灵是蓝色的。
- Jess suffers from allergies. 杰西患有过敏。
Some sentences, such as the following, contain multiple verbs:
有些句子中包含多个动词，如下所示：
- Nala suffers from allergies and sneezes constantly.娜拉正在遭受过敏，一直打喷嚏。
- The program runs slowly but fails quickly.程序运行很慢，但很快就出故障了。
Depending on the tense and the conjugation, a verb could consist of one word or multiple words. For example:
受时态和词形变化影响，一个动词也可能包含多个单词，如：
- Tina was eating breakfast a few hours ago. 蒂娜几小时前正在吃早饭。（过去进行时）
- Tina is eating lunch right now. 蒂娜正在吃午饭。 （现在进行时）
- Tina will eat dinner tonight at 7:00. 蒂娜七点要吃晚饭。 （将来时）
Exercise练习
Identify the verbs in the following passage:
找出下段中的动词：
Samantha is coding Operation Bullwinkle in C++. This project currently consumes over 80,000 lines of code. She previously used Python, but recently gravitated to C++. Samantha leads a team of four software engineers, which will grow to six software engineers next quarter.
（答案已加粗）
Adjectives and adverbs形容词和副词
Adjectives modify nouns. For example, in the following passage, notice how the adjectives modify the subsequent noun:
形容词用来修饰名词。例如，注意下句中，形容词对名词的修饰：
- Tom likes red balloons. He prepares delicious food. He fixed eight bugs at work.
Most adverbs modify verbs. For example, notice how the adverb (efficiently) in the following sentence modifies the verb (fixes):
大多数副词用来修饰动词。例如，注意下段中，副词（有效地）对动词（处理）的修饰。
- Jane efficiently fixes bugs. Jane有效地处理了bug。
Adverbs are not necessarily right next to their verb. For example, in the following sentence, the adverb (efficiently) is two words away from the verb (fixes):
副词不一定紧挨着动词。例如，下句中的副词与动词之间隔有两个单词：
- Jane fixes bugs efficiently.
Adverbs can also modify adjectives or other adverbs.
副词也可以修饰形容词或其他副词。
Exercise练习
Identify the four adjectives in the following passage:
找出下段中的四个形容词：
Engineering is a great career for a brilliant mind. I know a clever engineer who could excel at any intellectual task.
（答案已加粗）
Prepositions介词
Prepositions specify the relationship between two things. Some prepositions answer the question, "Where is this thing relative to that other thing?" For example:
介词用来说明两件事物之间的关系。方位介词可以回答这个问题：“这个东西和那个东西有什么位置关系？”例如：
- The submenu lies under the menu. 子菜单在菜单下面。
- The definition appears next to the term. 定义紧挨着术语。
- The
printfunction falls within the main routine. print函数在主例程之内。
Other prepositions answer the question, "When is this event relative to that other event?" For example:
时间介词可以回答这样的问题，“这件事和那件事有什么时间关系？”例如：
- The program evaluates the addition operation before evaluating the subtraction operation.
- 程序先计算加法运算，再计算减法运算。
- The cron daemon executes the script every Tuesday at noon.
- cron守护进程在每周二中午执行这个脚本。
A few prepositions (for example, by and of) answer other kinds of questions about relationships. For example, the following sentence uses by to relate a book to its authors:
一些介词（如，by和of）可以回答其他关系的问题。例如，下句使用by来介绍这本书和其作者之间的关系：
- The C Programming Language by Kernighan and Richie remains popular.
- 由Kernighan和Richie编写的《C编程语言》至今仍然很受欢迎。
Note: Some English words fall into multiple grammatical categories. For example, although under is usually a preposition, under can also serve as an adverb or adjective depending on context.
注意：一些英语词汇属于多个语法范畴。比如，尽管under一般是介词，但在一些语境中也可以是副词或者形容词。
Exercise练习
Identify the two prepositions in the following passage:
找出下句中的两个介词：
Parameters may optionally appear within a URL, after the path.
（答案已加粗）
Conjunctions and transitions连词和过渡词
Conjunctions connect phrases or nouns within a sentence; transitions connect sentences themselves.
连接词用来连接一个句子中出现的词组或名词；过渡词用来连接句子。
#译者注：英语一个句点算一个句子。
The most important conjunctions are as follows:
最重要的连接词有三个：
- and和
- but但
- or或
For example, in the following sentence, and connects "code" with "documentation," while but connects the first half of the sentence with the second.
例如，在下句中，and连接了“代码”和“文件”，同时but连接了句子的前半句和后半句。
Natasha writes great internal code and documentation but seldom works on open-source projects.
Natasha写出了很棒内部代码和文档，但很少参与开源项目。
The most important transitions in technical writing are as follows:
技术写作中的重要过渡词如下：
- however然而，但是
- therefore因此
- for example例如
For example, in the following passage, notice how the transitions connect and contextualize the sentences:
例如，在下句中，注意过渡词起到了连接句子和关联上下文的作用：
Juan is a wonderful coder. However, he rarely writes sufficient tests. For example, Juan coded a 5,000 line FFT package that contained only a single 10-line unit test.
Juan是优秀的程序员。然而，他编写的测试总是不够。比如，Juan写了一个5000行的FFT包，其中只有一个10行的单元测试。
Exercise练习
Fill in the most appropriate transition:
填入恰当的过渡词：
Barbara typically studies problems for a long time before writing the first line of code. However, she spontaneously coded a method the other day when she was suddenly inspired.
芭芭拉通常在写代码前会花很长时间研究问题。然而，她在前几天忽然来了灵感，自发编写了一个方法。
（代码已加粗）
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总目录：双语版Google Technical Writing (For Students) | 谷歌技术写作课程（学生向）
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