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linux终端设备:tty子系统相关的初始化

富辰阳
2023-12-01

  linux类系统相较于windos类系统用“魔幻”也不为过,神奇的控制台终端如ctrl+alt+F1至F6、UI桌面打开终端、远程ssh登录等等,在神奇的命令行协助下总能随时随地完成手中的工作。
  当然,这些功能虽不算复杂,但庞大的架构及繁多的代码让人有一种深不测的感觉。经过一段时间对终端相关代码的分析对它们有了初步的了解。它们采用较为一致的思路方式实现,代码难度也不算太高,具备字符驱动相关的知识加上足够的耐心便可以解开这个“庞然大物”。
  linux终端子系统主要围绕着外设(输入设备)到内核的输入事件处理及转发,到达我们目前看到的效果。
  大致思路为:外设 -> input事件子系统 -> tty子系统 -> 输出/输入对应的终端种类,如console、pty等。
  终端类型可以分为:tty子系统、tty设备、console设备、pty(伪终端)设备等等,在pty这一层又做了不同的处理对应/dev/pts/ptmx->/dev/ptmx->/dev/pts/*等等,由于这部分内容过于繁多,这里先简单描述一小部分执行逻辑,之后应该还会有相关文章继续向后扩展内容。


目录


1. tty

1.1 tty_class_init

1.2 tty子系统注册

2. console

2.1 console注册

2.2 con_init

3. 源码结构

4. 部分结构定义

5. 扩展函数/变量


1. tty

1.1 tty_class_init

  tty子系统首先创建tty class,绑定设备号(动态生成),由class对象tty_class关联/dev/目录下的tty相关访问文件,如/dev/tty0、/dev/tty1

  通常情况下,驱动通过class名称与其建立关系,如pci_driver的.name字段指定class名称

static int __init tty_class_init(void)
{
        tty_class = class_create(THIS_MODULE, "tty"); // 创建tty class指向__this_module(模块所有者)
||
\/
——————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————
define class_create(owner, name)               \
({                                              \
        static struct lock_class_key __key;     \
        __class_create(owner, name, &__key);    \
})

#ifdef MODULE
extern struct module __this_module;
#define THIS_MODULE (&__this_module)
#else           
#define THIS_MODULE ((struct module *)0)
#endif 
——————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————

        if (IS_ERR(tty_class))
                return PTR_ERR(tty_class);
        tty_class->devnode = tty_devnode; // 设备号
        return 0;
}

postcore_initcall(tty_class_init);

||
\/
ic char *tty_devnode(struct device *dev, umode_t *mode)
{
        if (!mode)
                return NULL;
        if (dev->devt == MKDEV(TTYAUX_MAJOR, 0) ||
            dev->devt == MKDEV(TTYAUX_MAJOR, 2))
                *mode = 0666;
        return NULL;
}

class


1.2 tty子系统注册

  tty子系统通过tty_init函数完成注册过程,它在字符设备初始化函数chr_dev_init中调用,tty子系统实际上也属于字符设备

  tty子系统通过tty_fops结构中的函数完成应用层的访问,如应用程序调用open(“/dev/tty”…)函数

tty_sysctl_init(); // 注册tty子系统标签(配置参数)
|| 
\/
register_sysctl_table(tty_root_table);

tty_root_table

cdev_init(&tty_cdev, &tty_fops); // 初始化tty_cdev设备,关联tty_fops结构
        if (cdev_add(&tty_cdev, MKDEV(TTYAUX_MAJOR, 0), 1) ||
            register_chrdev_region(MKDEV(TTYAUX_MAJOR, 0), 1, "/dev/tty") < 0) // 注册tty_cdev设备
                panic("Couldn't register /dev/tty driver\n");
        device_create(tty_class, NULL, MKDEV(TTYAUX_MAJOR, 0), NULL, "tty"); 
        // 创建tty_cdev设备,指向tty_class,通过open等函数访问/dev/tty
...
        return 0;
} 

fs_initcall(chr_dev_init);

tty_fops


2. console

2.1 console注册

  console紧跟着 tty子系统之后注册,它具有自己的操作结构console_fops,它在内核中的形式与tty子系统相似,基于tty_class创建consdev设备
  vty_init函数注册vc0_cdev设备(/dev/tty0),通过创建vcs、vcsu、vcsa相关设备,完成向虚拟图形界面的数据输出等工作。vty_init函数末尾可以看到键盘驱动注册函数(通常情况下,不同的按键厂商还是会做自己的驱动,至少在设备ID、厂商ID这部分是这样)。

cdev_init(&console_cdev, &console_fops); // 初始化console_cdev设备,关联console_fops结构

if (cdev_add(&console_cdev, MKDEV(TTYAUX_MAJOR, 1), 1) ||
            register_chrdev_region(MKDEV(TTYAUX_MAJOR, 1), 1, "/dev/console") < 0) // 注册console_cdev设备
                panic("Couldn't register /dev/console driver\n");

console_fops

consdev = device_create_with_groups(tty_class, NULL,
                                            MKDEV(TTYAUX_MAJOR, 1), NULL,
                                            cons_dev_groups, "console");
// 创建consdev设备,指向tty_class,通过open等函数访问/dev/console 
        if (IS_ERR(consdev))
                consdev = NULL;

cons_dev_groups

#ifdef CONFIG_VT
        vty_init(&console_fops);
#endif
        return 0;
}
||
\/
int __init vty_init(const struct file_operations *console_fops)
{
        cdev_init(&vc0_cdev, console_fops); // 初始化vc0_cdev设备,关联console_fops结构
        if (cdev_add(&vc0_cdev, MKDEV(TTY_MAJOR, 0), 1) ||
            register_chrdev_region(MKDEV(TTY_MAJOR, 0), 1, "/dev/vc/0") < 0) // 注册vc0_cdev设备
                panic("Couldn't register /dev/tty0 driver\n");
        tty0dev = device_create_with_groups(tty_class, NULL,
                                            MKDEV(TTY_MAJOR, 0), NULL,
                                            vt_dev_groups, "tty0");
        //注册tty0dev设备,指向tty_class,通过open等函数访问/dev/tty0 

        if (IS_ERR(tty0dev))
                tty0dev = NULL;

        vcs_init(); // 注册、创建vcs、vcsu、vcsa设备

vcs_init

console_driver = tty_alloc_driver(MAX_NR_CONSOLES, TTY_DRIVER_REAL_RAW |
                        TTY_DRIVER_RESET_TERMIOS); // 分配cosole驱动
        if (IS_ERR(console_driver))
                panic("Couldn't allocate console driver\n");

        console_driver->name = "tty"; 
        console_driver->name_base = 1;
        console_driver->major = TTY_MAJOR;
        console_driver->minor_start = 1;
        console_driver->type = TTY_DRIVER_TYPE_CONSOLE;
        console_driver->init_termios = tty_std_termios;

tty_alloc_driver

if (default_utf8)
                console_driver->init_termios.c_iflag |= IUTF8;
        tty_set_operations(console_driver, &con_ops); // console_driver关联con_ops结构
        if (tty_register_driver(console_driver)) // 注册tty设备,指定tty_class,这里包括tty的多个种类,如console、pty
                panic("Couldn't register console driver\n");
        kbd_init(); // 注册键盘驱动
        console_map_init(); // 设置默认unicode映射
#ifdef CONFIG_MDA_CONSOLE
        mda_console_init();
#endif
        return 0;
}

con_ops
tty_register_driver
kbd_init


2.2 con_init

  虚拟控制台相关的初始化,如控制台的回调、控制台的屏幕设置、vc_SAK组合按键监控触发的事件、虚拟屏幕缓存分配等等,最后注册到通知链,表示控制台已分配完成

static int __init con_init(void)
{
        const char *display_desc = NULL;
        struct vc_data *vc;
        unsigned int currcons = 0, i;

        console_lock();

        if (!conswitchp)
                conswitchp = &dummy_con; // 虚拟控制台的控制台“开关”结构 (consw-控制台的回调)
        display_desc = conswitchp->con_startup(); // "dummy device"
        if (!display_desc) {    
                fg_console = 0;
                console_unlock();
                return 0;
        }

dummy_con

for (i = 0; i < MAX_NR_CON_DRIVER; i++) {
                struct con_driver *con_driver = &registered_con_driver[i];

                if (con_driver->con == NULL) { // 虚拟控制台赋值
                        con_driver->con = conswitchp;
                        con_driver->desc = display_desc; // "dummy device"
                        con_driver->flag = CON_DRIVER_FLAG_INIT;
                        con_driver->first = 0;
                        con_driver->last = MAX_NR_CONSOLES - 1;
                        break;
                }
  }

for (i = 0; i < MAX_NR_CONSOLES; i++)
            con_driver_map[i] = conswitchp;

    if (blankinterval) {
            blank_state = blank_normal_wait;
            mod_timer(&console_timer, jiffies + (blankinterval * HZ)); // 虚拟控制台(屏幕,ctl+alt+F2...F6这种屏幕,而ctl+alt+F1属于控制台启动的类Xwindow这种模拟画面)刷新时间
   }

for (currcons = 0; currcons < MIN_NR_CONSOLES; currcons++) {
                vc_cons[currcons].d = vc = kzalloc(sizeof(struct vc_data), GFP_NOWAIT); // 虚拟控制台分配
                INIT_WORK(&vc_cons[currcons].SAK_work, vc_SAK); // 初始化工作队列,vc_SAK属于组合按键监控触发的事件,如alt+k+Prtscreen
                tty_port_init(&vc->port); // 初始化tty端口及tty_bufhead等结构,用于翻转缓冲区刷新到线路规程
                visual_init(vc, currcons, 1); // 初始化虚拟控制台的一些参数
                /* Assuming vc->vc_{cols,rows,screenbuf_size} are sane here. */
                vc->vc_screenbuf = kzalloc(vc->vc_screenbuf_size, GFP_NOWAIT); // 虚拟屏幕缓存分配
                vc_init(vc, vc->vc_rows, vc->vc_cols,
                        currcons || !vc->vc_sw->con_save_screen); // 虚拟控制台屏幕的模式、范围、颜色等设置
        }

tty_port_init
visual_init
vc_init

vcs_make_sysfs(currcons); // 创建当前的vcs*、vcsu*、vcsa*设备...
        atomic_notifier_call_chain(&vt_notifier_list, VT_ALLOCATE, &param); // 注册到通知链,表示控制台已分配

        return 0;
err_free:
        visual_deinit(vc);
        kfree(vc);
        vc_cons[currcons].d = NULL;
        return err;
}

3. 源码结构

  tty子系统标签

tatic struct ctl_table tty_root_table[] = {
        {
                .procname       = "dev",
                .mode           = 0555,
                .child          = tty_dir_table, // 子级标签
        }, 
        { } 
};

  tty子系统子级标签

static struct ctl_table tty_dir_table[] = {
        {
                .procname       = "tty",
                .mode           = 0555,
                .child          = tty_table, // 子级标签
        },      
        { }
};

  tty子系统子级标签 ,通过/proc/sys/dev/tty/ldisc_autoload来传递数字

static struct ctl_table tty_table[] = {
        {
                .procname       = "ldisc_autoload",
                .data           = &tty_ldisc_autoload,
                .maxlen         = sizeof(tty_ldisc_autoload),
                .mode           = 0644,
                .proc_handler   = proc_dointvec,
                .extra1         = SYSCTL_ZERO,
                .extra2         = SYSCTL_ONE,
        },
        { }
};

  tty_fops 文件操作接口

static const struct file_operations tty_fops = {
        .llseek         = no_llseek,
        .read_iter      = tty_read,
        .write_iter     = tty_write,
        .splice_read    = generic_file_splice_read,
        .splice_write   = iter_file_splice_write,
        .poll           = tty_poll,
        .unlocked_ioctl = tty_ioctl,
        .compat_ioctl   = tty_compat_ioctl,
        .open           = tty_open,
        .release        = tty_release,
        .fasync         = tty_fasync,
        .show_fdinfo    = tty_show_fdinfo,
};

  console_fops 文件操作接口

static const struct file_operations console_fops = {
	.llseek		= no_llseek,
	.read_iter	= tty_read,
	.write_iter	= redirected_tty_write,
	.splice_read	= generic_file_splice_read,
	.splice_write	= iter_file_splice_write,
	.poll		= tty_poll,
	.unlocked_ioctl	= tty_ioctl,
	.compat_ioctl	= tty_compat_ioctl,
	.open		= tty_open,
	.release	= tty_release,
	.fasync		= tty_fasync,
};

  vcs_fops 文件操作接口

static const struct file_operations vcs_fops = {
        .llseek         = vcs_lseek,
        .read           = vcs_read,
        .write          = vcs_write,
        .poll           = vcs_poll,
        .fasync         = vcs_fasync,
        .open           = vcs_open,
        .release        = vcs_release,
};

  con_ops 文件操作接口

static const struct tty_operations con_ops = {
	.install = con_install,
	.open = con_open,
	.close = con_close,
	.write = con_write,
	.write_room = con_write_room,
	.put_char = con_put_char,
	.flush_chars = con_flush_chars,
	.ioctl = vt_ioctl,
#ifdef CONFIG_COMPAT
	.compat_ioctl = vt_compat_ioctl,
#endif
	.stop = con_stop,
	.start = con_start,
	.throttle = con_throttle,
	.unthrottle = con_unthrottle,
	.resize = vt_resize,
	.shutdown = con_shutdown,
	.cleanup = con_cleanup,
};

  dummy_con 虚拟控制台的控制台“开关”结构

const struct consw dummy_con = {
        .owner =                THIS_MODULE,
        .con_startup =  dummycon_startup,
        .con_init =             dummycon_init,
        .con_deinit =   dummycon_deinit,
        .con_clear =    dummycon_clear,
        .con_putc =             dummycon_putc,
        .con_putcs =    dummycon_putcs,
        .con_cursor =   dummycon_cursor,
        .con_scroll =   dummycon_scroll,
        .con_switch =   dummycon_switch,
        .con_blank =    dummycon_blank,
};
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(dummy_con);

  tty_port_default_client_ops

const struct tty_port_client_operations tty_port_default_client_ops = {
        .receive_buf = tty_port_default_receive_buf,
        .lookahead_buf = tty_port_default_lookahead_buf,
        .write_wakeup = tty_port_default_wakeup,
};
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(tty_port_default_client_ops);

4. 部分结构定义

  struct class

* struct class——设备类

* @name:类名。

* @owner:模块所有者。

* @class_groups:该类的默认属性。

* @dev_groups:属于该类的设备的默认属性。

* @dev_kobj:表示这个类并将其链接到层次结构中的kobject。

* @dev_uevent:当设备被添加或从该类中移除时调用

*很少其他东西生成uevent来添加环境

*变量。

* @devnode:回调提供devtmpfs。

* @class_release:调用来释放这个类。

* @dev_release:被调用释放设备。

* @shutdown_pre:在驱动程序关闭前的关闭时间调用。

* @ns_type:回调使sysfs可以确定名称空间。

* @namespace:设备的命名空间属于该类。

* @get_ownership:允许类指定sysfs目录的uid/gid

*表示属于该类的设备。通常与

*设备的名称空间。

* @pm:该类的默认设备电源管理操作。

* @p:驱动核心的私有数据,不是别人

*驱动核心可以触摸这个。

*

*类是设备的高级视图,它抽象出了底层

*实现细节。驱动程序可能看到的是SCSI磁盘或ATA磁盘,但是,

*在类级别,它们都是简单的磁盘。类允许用户空间

*根据设备的功能,而不是它们的性能来使用它们

*连接或他们如何工作。

struct class {
	const char		*name;
	struct module		*owner;

	const struct attribute_group	**class_groups;
	const struct attribute_group	**dev_groups;
	struct kobject			*dev_kobj;

	int (*dev_uevent)(struct device *dev, struct kobj_uevent_env *env);
	char *(*devnode)(struct device *dev, umode_t *mode);

	void (*class_release)(struct class *class);
	void (*dev_release)(struct device *dev);

	int (*shutdown_pre)(struct device *dev);

	const struct kobj_ns_type_operations *ns_type;
	const void *(*namespace)(struct device *dev);

	void (*get_ownership)(struct device *dev, kuid_t *uid, kgid_t *gid);

	const struct dev_pm_ops *pm;

	struct subsys_private *p;
};

5. 扩展函数/变量

  cons_dev_groups 经过转换为 attribute_group结构的静态对象

ATTRIBUTE_GROUPS(cons_dev);
||
\/
#define ATTRIBUTE_GROUPS(_name)                                 \
static const struct attribute_group _name##_group = {           \
        .attrs = _name##_attrs,                                 \
};                                                              \
__ATTRIBUTE_GROUPS(_name)
||
\/
define __ATTRIBUTE_GROUPS(_name)                               \
static const struct attribute_group *_name##_groups[] = {       \
        &_name##_group,                                         \
        NULL,                                                   \
}

转换成结构定义为:
static const struct attribute_group cons_dev_group = {           
        .attrs = cons_dev_attrs,                                 
};                                                              

static const struct attribute_group *cons_dev_groups[] = {       
        &cons_dev_group,                                         
        NULL,                                                   
}

  vcs_init 注册、创建vcs、vcsu、vcsa设备

int __init vcs_init(void)
{                       
        unsigned int i;

        if (register_chrdev(VCS_MAJOR, "vcs", &vcs_fops))
                panic("unable to get major %d for vcs device", VCS_MAJOR); // 注册vcs设备,关联vcs_fops
        vc_class = class_create(THIS_MODULE, "vc"); // 创建vc class,指向__this_module(模块所有者)

        device_create(vc_class, NULL, MKDEV(VCS_MAJOR, 0), NULL, "vcs"); // 创建vcs设备,指向vc_class...
        device_create(vc_class, NULL, MKDEV(VCS_MAJOR, 64), NULL, "vcsu"); // 创建vcsu设备...
        device_create(vc_class, NULL, MKDEV(VCS_MAJOR, 128), NULL, "vcsa"); // 创建vcsa设备...
        for (i = 0; i < MIN_NR_CONSOLES; i++)
        // define MIN_NR_CONSOLES 1
                vcs_make_sysfs(i); // 创建多个vcs*、vcsu*、vcsa*设备...
        return 0;
}
||
\/
void vcs_make_sysfs(int index)
{
        device_create(vc_class, NULL, MKDEV(VCS_MAJOR, index + 1), NULL,
                      "vcs%u", index + 1);
        device_create(vc_class, NULL, MKDEV(VCS_MAJOR, index + 65), NULL,
                      "vcsu%u", index + 1);
        device_create(vc_class, NULL, MKDEV(VCS_MAJOR, index + 129), NULL,
                      "vcsa%u", index + 1);
}

vcs_fops

  tty_alloc_driver 分配tty驱动

struct tty_driver *__tty_alloc_driver(unsigned int lines, struct module *owner,
                unsigned long flags)
{
        struct tty_driver *driver;
        unsigned int cdevs = 1;
        int err;

        if (!lines || (flags & TTY_DRIVER_UNNUMBERED_NODE && lines > 1))
                return ERR_PTR(-EINVAL);

        driver = kzalloc(sizeof(*driver), GFP_KERNEL);
        if (!driver)
                return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);

        kref_init(&driver->kref);
        driver->num = lines;
        driver->owner = owner;
        driver->flags = flags;


        /* TTY_DRIVER_DEVPTS_MEM  0x0010
         *
         * 不要使用标准的数组(&tty_driver.ttys和&tty_driver.termios)
         * 而是使用通过devpts文件系统输入的动态内存
         * 这只适用于PTY驱动程序
         *
         */

        if (!(flags & TTY_DRIVER_DEVPTS_MEM)) {
                driver->ttys = kcalloc(lines, sizeof(*driver->ttys),
                                GFP_KERNEL);
                driver->termios = kcalloc(lines, sizeof(*driver->termios),
                                GFP_KERNEL);
                if (!driver->ttys || !driver->termios) {
                        err = -ENOMEM;
                        goto err_free_all;
                }
        }


        /* TTY_DRIVER_DYNAMIC_ALLOC  0x0040
         *
         * 不要为驱动程序(&tty_driver.ports)分配每行需要的结构
         * 因为这会浪费内存
         * 这只适用于PTY驱动程序
         *
         */

        if (!(flags & TTY_DRIVER_DYNAMIC_ALLOC)) {
                driver->ports = kcalloc(lines, sizeof(*driver->ports),
                                GFP_KERNEL);
                if (!driver->ports) {
                        err = -ENOMEM;
                        goto err_free_all;
                }
                cdevs = lines;
        }

        driver->cdevs = kcalloc(cdevs, sizeof(*driver->cdevs), GFP_KERNEL);
        if (!driver->cdevs) {
                err = -ENOMEM;
                goto err_free_all;
        }

        return driver;
        ...
}

EXPORT_SYMBOL(__tty_alloc_driver);

  tty_register_driver

int tty_register_driver(struct tty_driver *driver)
{
        int error;
        int i;
        dev_t dev;
        struct device *d;

        if (!driver->major) {
                error = alloc_chrdev_region(&dev, driver->minor_start,
                                                driver->num, driver->name);
                // 分配设备号
                if (!error) {
                        driver->major = MAJOR(dev);
                        driver->minor_start = MINOR(dev);
                }
        } else {
                dev = MKDEV(driver->major, driver->minor_start);
                error = register_chrdev_region(dev, driver->num, driver->name);
                // 注册设备号
        }
        if (error < 0)
                goto err;

        if (driver->flags & TTY_DRIVER_DYNAMIC_ALLOC) {
                error = tty_cdev_add(driver, dev, 0, driver->num); // 分配、注册驱动并且关联tty_fops
                if (error)
                        goto err_unreg_char;
        }

tty_cdev_add

 mutex_lock(&tty_mutex);
        list_add(&driver->tty_drivers, &tty_drivers); // 驱动加入tty链表
        mutex_unlock(&tty_mutex);

        if (!(driver->flags & TTY_DRIVER_DYNAMIC_DEV)) {
                for (i = 0; i < driver->num; i++) {
                        d = tty_register_device(driver, i, NULL);
                        if (IS_ERR(d)) {
                                error = PTR_ERR(d);
                                goto err_unreg_devs;
                        }
                }
        }

tty_register_device

proc_tty_register_driver(driver);
        driver->flags |= TTY_DRIVER_INSTALLED;
        return 0;

  tty_cdev_add

static int tty_cdev_add(struct tty_driver *driver, dev_t dev,
                unsigned int index, unsigned int count)
{
        int err;

        /* init here, since reused cdevs cause crashes */
        driver->cdevs[index] = cdev_alloc(); // 分配字符设备结构
        if (!driver->cdevs[index])
                return -ENOMEM;
        driver->cdevs[index]->ops = &tty_fops; // 为驱动关联tty_fops结构
        driver->cdevs[index]->owner = driver->owner;
        err = cdev_add(driver->cdevs[index], dev, count); // 注册字符设备
        if (err)
                kobject_put(&driver->cdevs[index]->kobj);
        return err;
}

  tty_register_device 注册tty设备,指定tty_class,这里包括tty的多个种类,如console、pty

vice *tty_register_device(struct tty_driver *driver, unsigned index,
                                   struct device *device)
{
        return tty_register_device_attr(driver, index, device, NULL, NULL);
}
||
\/
struct device *tty_register_device_attr(struct tty_driver *driver,
                                   unsigned index, struct device *device,
                                   void *drvdata,
                                   const struct attribute_group **attr_grp)
{
        char name[64];
        dev_t devt = MKDEV(driver->major, driver->minor_start) + index;
        struct ktermios *tp;
        struct device *dev;
        int retval;

        if (index >= driver->num) {
                pr_err("%s: Attempt to register invalid tty line number (%d)\n",
                       driver->name, index);
                return ERR_PTR(-EINVAL);
        }


        /*  tty设备类型
         *  #define TTY_DRIVER_TYPE_SYSTEM          0x0001  内部使用
         *  #define TTY_DRIVER_TYPE_CONSOLE         0x0002  控制台
         *  #define TTY_DRIVER_TYPE_SERIAL          0x0003  串口
         *  #define TTY_DRIVER_TYPE_PTY             0x0004  PTY(伪终端)
         *  #define TTY_DRIVER_TYPE_SCC             0x0005  /* scc driver */
         *  #define TTY_DRIVER_TYPE_SYSCONS         0x0006 内部使用
         */

        if (driver->type == TTY_DRIVER_TYPE_PTY)
                pty_line_name(driver, index, name); // pty通用名称,PTY_TYPE_SLAVE类型指定为"tty",其他类型为name
        else
                tty_line_name(driver, index, name); // 包含TTY_DRIVER_UNNUMBERED_NODE类型创建名称如"/dev/ttyprintk",否则如"/dev/ttyprintk0..."

        dev = kzalloc(sizeof(*dev), GFP_KERNEL);
        if (!dev)
                return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);

        dev->devt = devt;
        dev->class = tty_class; // 设置指定tty_class
        dev->parent = device;
        dev->release = tty_device_create_release;
        dev_set_name(dev, "%s", name);
        dev->groups = attr_grp;
        dev_set_drvdata(dev, drvdata);

        dev_set_uevent_suppress(dev, 1); // dev->kobj.uevent_suppress=1

        retval = device_register(dev); // 注册设备
        ...
}

  kbd_init 注册键盘驱动

int __init kbd_init(void)
{
        int i;
        int error;
        
        for (i = 0; i < MAX_NR_CONSOLES; i++) {
                kbd_table[i].ledflagstate = kbd_defleds(); // &0x20 ? 数字锁定模式
                kbd_table[i].default_ledflagstate = kbd_defleds();
                kbd_table[i].ledmode = LED_SHOW_FLAGS; // 传统模式
                kbd_table[i].lockstate = KBD_DEFLOCK;
                kbd_table[i].slockstate = 0;
                kbd_table[i].modeflags = KBD_DEFMODE; // 键盘重复 | 0-meta,1-meta=带ESC的前缀
                kbd_table[i].kbdmode = default_utf8 ? VC_UNICODE : VC_XLATE; // Unicode模式
        }

        kbd_init_leds(); // LED触发接口

		error = input_register_handler(&kbd_handler); // 注册新的输入处理程序
        if (error)
                return error;

        tasklet_enable(&keyboard_tasklet); // 用于减小结构体tasklet_struct中字段count的值,等于0时重新相应软中断重新使能
        tasklet_schedule(&keyboard_tasklet); // 等待获得CPU资源并被调度执行

        return 0;
}

  tty_port_init 初始化tty端口及tty_bufhead等结构,用于翻转缓冲区刷新到线路规程

void tty_port_init(struct tty_port *port)
{               
        memset(port, 0, sizeof(*port));
        tty_buffer_init(port); // 初始化tty_bufhead结构,初始化工作队列,用于flush_to_ldisc函数 (翻转缓冲区刷新到线路规程)
        init_waitqueue_head(&port->open_wait);
        init_waitqueue_head(&port->delta_msr_wait);
        mutex_init(&port->mutex);
        mutex_init(&port->buf_mutex);
        spin_lock_init(&port->lock);
        port->close_delay = (50 * HZ) / 100;
        port->closing_wait = (3000 * HZ) / 100;
        port->client_ops = &tty_port_default_client_ops;
        kref_init(&port->kref);
}       
EXPORT_SYMBOL(tty_port_init);

tty_port_default_client_ops

  visual_init 初始化虚拟控制台的一些参数

static void visual_init(struct vc_data *vc, int num, int init)
{
        /* ++Geert: vc->vc_sw->con_init determines console size */
        if (vc->vc_sw)
                module_put(vc->vc_sw->owner);
        vc->vc_sw = conswitchp; // 虚拟控制台的控制台“开关”结构
#ifndef VT_SINGLE_DRIVER
        if (con_driver_map[num])
                vc->vc_sw = con_driver_map[num]; // consw-控制台的回调
#endif
        __module_get(vc->vc_sw->owner);
        vc->vc_num = num; // 控制台编号

		/* 对于每个现有的显示器,
		 * 我们都有一个指向该显示器上当前可见的控制台的指针,
		 * 允许适当刷新fg_console以外的控制台。
		 * 除非低级驱动程序提供自己的display_fg变量,
		 * 否则我们将此变量用于“主显示”。
		 * /
        vc->vc_display_fg = &master_display_fg;
        if (vc->uni_pagedict_loc)
                con_free_unimap(vc);
        vc->uni_pagedict_loc = &vc->uni_pagedict;
        vc->uni_pagedict = NULL;
        vc->vc_hi_font_mask = 0;
        vc->vc_complement_mask = 0;
        vc->vc_can_do_color = 0;

		/*
		 * #define DEFAULT_BELL_PITCH      750
		 * #define DEFAULT_BELL_DURATION   (HZ/8)
		 * #define DEFAULT_CURSOR_BLINK_MS 200
		 */
        vc->vc_cur_blink_ms = DEFAULT_CURSOR_BLINK_MS;
		vc->vc_sw->con_init(vc, init); // dummycon_init函数
        if (!vc->vc_complement_mask)
                vc->vc_complement_mask = vc->vc_can_do_color ? 0x7700 : 0x0800;
        vc->vc_s_complement_mask = vc->vc_complement_mask;
        vc->vc_size_row = vc->vc_cols << 1;
        vc->vc_screenbuf_size = vc->vc_rows * vc->vc_size_row;
}

  vc_init 虚拟控制台屏幕的模式、范围、颜色等设置

static void vc_init(struct vc_data *vc, unsigned int rows,
                    unsigned int cols, int do_clear)
{
        int j, k ;

        vc->vc_cols = cols; 
        vc->vc_rows = rows;
        vc->vc_size_row = cols << 1;
        vc->vc_screenbuf_size = vc->vc_rows * vc->vc_size_row;

        set_origin(vc);
        vc->vc_pos = vc->vc_origin;
        reset_vc(vc);
        for (j=k=0; j<16; j++) {
                vc->vc_palette[k++] = default_red[j] ;
                vc->vc_palette[k++] = default_grn[j] ;
                vc->vc_palette[k++] = default_blu[j] ;
        }
        vc->vc_def_color       = default_color;
        vc->vc_ulcolor         = default_underline_color;
        vc->vc_itcolor         = default_italic_color;
        vc->vc_halfcolor       = 0x08;   /* grey */
        init_waitqueue_head(&vc->paste_wait);
		reset_terminal(vc, do_clear);
}
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