之前在做Java的时候,异常对象默认就包含stacktrace相关的信息,通过异常对象的相关方法printStackTrace()和getStackTrace()等方法就可以取到异常栈信息,能打印到log辅助调试或者做一些别的事情。但是到了Python,在2.x中,异常对象可以是任何对象,经常看到很多代码是直接raise一个字符串出来,因此就不能像Java那样方便的获取异常栈了,因为异常对象和异常栈是分开的。而多数Python语言的书籍上重点在于描述Python中如何构造异常对象和raise try except finally这些的使用,对调试程序起关键作用的stacktrace往往基本上不怎么涉及。
python中用于处理异常栈的模块是traceback模块,它提供了print_exception、format_exception等输出异常栈等常用的工具函数。
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def
func(a, b):
return
a
/
b
if
__name__
=
=
'__main__'
:
import
sys
import
traceback
try
:
func(
1
,
0
)
except
Exception as e:
print
"print exc"
traceback.print_exc(
file
=
sys.stdout)
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print exc
Traceback (most recent call last):
File
"./teststacktrace.py"
, line 7,
in
<module>
func(1, 0)
File
"./teststacktrace.py"
, line 2,
in
func
return
a / b
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def
func(a, b):
return
a
/
b
if
__name__
=
=
'__main__'
:
import
sys
import
traceback
try
:
func(
1
,
0
)
except
Exception as e:
print
"print_exception()"
exc_type, exc_value, exc_tb
=
sys.exc_info()
print
'the exc type is:'
, exc_type
print
'the exc value is:'
, exc_value
print
'the exc tb is:'
, exc_tb
traceback.print_exception(exc_type, exc_value, exc_tb)
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print_exception()
the exc
type
is: <
type
'exceptions.ZeroDivisionError'
>
the exc value is: integer division or modulo by zero
the exc tb is: <traceback object at 0x104e7d4d0>
Traceback (most recent call last):
File
"./teststacktrace.py"
, line 7,
in
<module>
func(1, 0)
File
"./teststacktrace.py"
, line 2,
in
func
return
a / b
ZeroDivisionError: integer division or modulo by zero
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traceback模块提供了extract_tb函数来更加详细的解释traceback对象所包含的数据:
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def
func(a, b):
return
a
/
b
if
__name__
=
=
'__main__'
:
import
sys
import
traceback
try
:
func(
1
,
0
)
except
:
_, _, exc_tb
=
sys.exc_info()
for
filename, linenum, funcname, source
in
traceback.extract_tb(exc_tb):
print
"%-23s:%s '%s' in %s()"
%
(filename, linenum, source, funcname)
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samchimac:tracebacktest samchi$ python .
/teststacktrace
.py
.
/teststacktrace
.py :7
'func(1, 0)'
in
<module>()
.
/teststacktrace
.py :2
'return a / b'
in
func()
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如果平时开发喜欢基于log的方式来调试,那么可能经常去做这样的事情,在log里面发现异常之后,因为信息不足,那么会再去额外加一些debug log来把相关变量的值输出。调试完毕之后再把这些debug log去掉。其实没必要这么麻烦,Python库中提供了cgitb模块来帮助做这些事情,它能够输出异常上下文所有相关变量的信息,不必每次自己再去手动加debug log。
cgitb的使用简单的不能想象:
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def
func(a, b):
return
a
/
b
if
__name__
=
=
'__main__'
:
import
cgitb
cgitb.enable(
format
=
'text'
)
import
sys
import
traceback
func(
1
,
0
)
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运行之后就会得到详细的数据:
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A problem occurred
in
a Python script. Here is the sequence of
function
calls leading up to the error,
in
the order they occurred.
/Users/samchi/Documents/workspace/tracebacktest/teststacktrace
.py
in
<module>()
4
import
cgitb
5 cgitb.
enable
(
format
=
'text'
)
6
import
sys
7
import
traceback
8 func(1, 0)
func = <
function
func>
/Users/samchi/Documents/workspace/tracebacktest/teststacktrace
.py
in
func(a=1, b=0)
2
return
a / b
3
if
__name__ ==
'__main__'
:
4
import
cgitb
5 cgitb.
enable
(
format
=
'text'
)
6
import
sys
a = 1
b = 0
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也许你会问,cgitb为什么会这么屌?能获取这么详细的出错信息?其实它的工作原理同它的使用方式一样的简单,它只是覆盖了默认的sys.excepthook函数,sys.excepthook是一个默认的全局异常拦截器,可以尝试去自行对它修改:
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def
func(a, b):
return
a
/
b
def
my_exception_handler(exc_type, exc_value, exc_tb):
print
"i caught the exception:"
, exc_type
while
exc_tb:
print
"the line no:"
, exc_tb.tb_lineno
print
"the frame locals:"
, exc_tb.tb_frame.f_locals
exc_tb
=
exc_tb.tb_next
if
__name__
=
=
'__main__'
:
import
sys
sys.excepthook
=
my_exception_handler
import
traceback
func(
1
,
0
)
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i caught the exception: <
type
'exceptions.ZeroDivisionError'
>
the line no:
14
the frame
locals
: {
'my_exception_handler'
: <function my_exception_handler at
0x100e04aa0
>,
'__builtins__'
: <module
'__builtin__'
(built
-
in
)>,
'__file__'
:
'./teststacktrace.py'
,
'traceback'
: <module
'traceback'
from
'/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/traceback.pyc'
>,
'__package__'
:
None
,
'sys'
: <module
'sys'
(built
-
in
)>,
'func'
: <function func at
0x100e04320
>,
'__name__'
:
'__main__'
,
'__doc__'
:
None
}
the line no:
2
the frame
locals
: {
'a'
:
1
,
'b'
:
0
}
|
在使用Java的时候,用log4j记录异常很简单,只要把Exception对象传递给log.error方法就可以了,但是在Python中就不行了,如果直接传递异常对象给log.error,那么只会在log里面出现一行异常对象的值。
在Python中正确的记录Log方式应该是这样的:
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logging.exception(ex)
logging.error(ex, exc_info
=
1
)
# 指名输出栈踪迹, logging.exception的内部也是包了一层此做法
logging.critical(ex, exc_info
=
1
)
# 更加严重的错误级别
|