PostgreSQL UNION

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2023-03-14

PostgreSQL UNION 操作符合并两个或多个 SELECT 语句的结果。

UNION 操作符用于合并两个或多个 SELECT 语句的结果集。

请注意，UNION 内部的每个 SELECT 语句必须拥有相同数量的列。列也必须拥有相似的数据类型。同时，每个 SELECT 语句中的列的顺序必须相同。

语法

UNIONS 基础语法如下：

SELECT column1 [, column2 ]
FROM table1 [, table2 ]
[WHERE condition]

UNION

SELECT column1 [, column2 ]
FROM table1 [, table2 ]
[WHERE condition]

这里的条件语句可以根据您的需要设置任何表达式。

实例

创建 COMPANY 表（下载 COMPANY SQL 文件），数据内容如下：

xnipdb# select * from COMPANY;
 id | name  | age | address   | salary
----+-------+-----+-----------+--------
  1 | Paul  |  32 | California|  20000
  2 | Allen |  25 | Texas     |  15000
  3 | Teddy |  23 | Norway    |  20000
  4 | Mark  |  25 | Rich-Mond |  65000
  5 | David |  27 | Texas     |  85000
  6 | Kim   |  22 | South-Hall|  45000
  7 | James |  24 | Houston   |  10000
(7 rows)

创建 DEPARTMENT 表（下载 DEPARTMENT SQL 文件），数据内容如下：

xnipdb=# SELECT * from DEPARTMENT;
 id | dept        | emp_id
----+-------------+--------
  1 | IT Billing  |      1
  2 | Engineering |      2
  3 | Finance     |      7
  4 | Engineering |      3
  5 | Finance     |      4
  6 | Engineering |      5
  7 | Finance     |      6
(7 rows)

现在，我们在 SELECT 语句中使用 UNION 子句将两张表连接起来，如下所示：

SELECT EMP_ID, NAME, DEPT FROM COMPANY INNER JOIN DEPARTMENT
   ON COMPANY.ID = DEPARTMENT.EMP_ID
   UNION
SELECT EMP_ID, NAME, DEPT FROM COMPANY LEFT OUTER JOIN DEPARTMENT
    ON COMPANY.ID = DEPARTMENT.EMP_ID;

得到结果如下：

 emp_id | name  |  dept
--------+-------+--------------
      5 | David | Engineering
      6 | Kim   | Finance
      2 | Allen | Engineering
      3 | Teddy | Engineering
      4 | Mark  | Finance
      1 | Paul  | IT Billing
      7 | James | Finance
(7 rows)

UNION ALL 子句

UNION ALL 操作符可以连接两个有重复行的 SELECT 语句，默认地，UNION 操作符选取不同的值。如果允许重复的值，请使用 UNION ALL。

语法

UINON ALL 子句基础语法如下：

SELECT column1 [, column2 ]
FROM table1 [, table2 ]
[WHERE condition]

UNION ALL

SELECT column1 [, column2 ]
FROM table1 [, table2 ]
[WHERE condition]

这里的条件语句可以根据您的需要设置任何表达式。

实例

现在，让我们把上面提到的两张表用 SELECT 语句结合 UNION ALL 子句连接起来：

SELECT EMP_ID, NAME, DEPT FROM COMPANY INNER JOIN DEPARTMENT
   ON COMPANY.ID = DEPARTMENT.EMP_ID
   UNION ALL
SELECT EMP_ID, NAME, DEPT FROM COMPANY LEFT OUTER JOIN DEPARTMENT
    ON COMPANY.ID = DEPARTMENT.EMP_ID;

得到结果如下：

 emp_id | name  | dept
--------+-------+--------------
      1 | Paul  | IT Billing
      2 | Allen | Engineering
      7 | James | Finance
      3 | Teddy | Engineering
      4 | Mark  | Finance
      5 | David | Engineering
      6 | Kim   | Finance
      1 | Paul  | IT Billing
      2 | Allen | Engineering
      7 | James | Finance
      3 | Teddy | Engineering
      4 | Mark  | Finance
      5 | David | Engineering
      6 | Kim   | Finance
(14 rows)