在POM设计模式中，哪些方法应该位于页面类内部？

Question

我正在使用POM设计模式创建一个UI测试自动化框架。在阅读了SeleniumHQ页面中的页面对象之后，我开始思考应该在页面对象中创建哪些方法。

让我们举一个登录页面对象的简单例子，该对象由用户名、密码文本框和提交按钮组成。SeleniumHQ link创建了以下方法：

1. typeUsername(String username)
2. typePassword(String password)
3. submitLogin()
4. submitLoginExceptionFailure()
5. loginAs(String username, String password)

看着这些方法，我有点困惑。当我已经在创建loginAs方法时，为什么要创建前3个方法（typeUsername、typePassword、submitLogin）。有什么想法吗？

SeleniumHQ Link-https://github.com/SeleniumHQ/selenium/wiki/PageObjects

粘贴代码页登录页的对象代码：

public class LoginPage {
    private final WebDriver driver;

    public LoginPage(WebDriver driver) {
        this.driver = driver;

        // Check that we're on the right page.
        if (!"Login".equals(driver.getTitle())) {
            // Alternatively, we could navigate to the login page, perhaps logging out first
            throw new IllegalStateException("This is not the login page");
        }
    }

    // The login page contains several HTML elements that will be represented as WebElements.
    // The locators for these elements should only be defined once.
        By usernameLocator = By.id("username");
        By passwordLocator = By.id("passwd");
        By loginButtonLocator = By.id("login");

    // The login page allows the user to type their username into the username field
    public LoginPage typeUsername(String username) {
        // This is the only place that "knows" how to enter a username
        driver.findElement(usernameLocator).sendKeys(username);

        // Return the current page object as this action doesn't navigate to a page represented by another PageObject
        return this;    
    }

    // The login page allows the user to type their password into the password field
    public LoginPage typePassword(String password) {
        // This is the only place that "knows" how to enter a password
        driver.findElement(passwordLocator).sendKeys(password);

        // Return the current page object as this action doesn't navigate to a page represented by another PageObject
        return this;    
    }

    // The login page allows the user to submit the login form
    public HomePage submitLogin() {
        // This is the only place that submits the login form and expects the destination to be the home page.
        // A seperate method should be created for the instance of clicking login whilst expecting a login failure. 
        driver.findElement(loginButtonLocator).submit();

        // Return a new page object representing the destination. Should the login page ever
        // go somewhere else (for example, a legal disclaimer) then changing the method signature
        // for this method will mean that all tests that rely on this behaviour won't compile.
        return new HomePage(driver);    
    }

    // The login page allows the user to submit the login form knowing that an invalid username and / or password were entered
    public LoginPage submitLoginExpectingFailure() {
        // This is the only place that submits the login form and expects the destination to be the login page due to login failure.
        driver.findElement(loginButtonLocator).submit();

        // Return a new page object representing the destination. Should the user ever be navigated to the home page after submiting a login with credentials 
        // expected to fail login, the script will fail when it attempts to instantiate the LoginPage PageObject.
        return new LoginPage(driver);   
    }

    // Conceptually, the login page offers the user the service of being able to "log into"
    // the application using a user name and password. 
    public HomePage loginAs(String username, String password) {
        // The PageObject methods that enter username, password & submit login have already defined and should not be repeated here.
        typeUsername(username);
        typePassword(password);
        return submitLogin();
    }
}

Answer 1

将代码细切成更多的方法可以实现更大的原子化。没有什么可以阻止您将typeUsername（），typePassword（）和submitLogin（）分组到login（）方法中。

这样做的好处是更准确地知道你的登录失败了，比如输入密码，而不是“在登录页面的某个地方”。

Answer 2

您可能需要检查是否仅键入用户名，然后单击提交按钮显示正确的错误消息，或者仅显示密码，等等。

我通常查看页面并尝试总结用户在该页面上可以执行的“操作”，每个操作都成为一种方法。不同的行动可能在不同的“层面”。e、 在博客网站上，用户可以输入博客标题和博客内容，这是用户可以做的两个动作，但从另一个抽象层看，用户希望“创建”一篇文章。因此该函数可能会再次调用其他函数。

基本上和其他编程一样，您有多个抽象层，这就是为什么您首先有页面对象。

只需使用迭代开发，创建一个做您想要测试的功能，如果您发现自己在其他功能中重用相同的代码（或标识符），请在新功能中分离这些代码（或标识符）