Android测试构建错误：多个dex文件定义了Landroid / support / test / BuildConfig

Question

我正在尝试将Espresso 2添加到我的项目中（该项目还具有许多其他依赖项），但是在尝试运行测试时遇到了此错误：

UNEXPECTED TOP-LEVEL EXCEPTION:
com.android.dex.DexException: Multiple dex files define Landroid/support/test/BuildConfig;
    at com.android.dx.merge.DexMerger.readSortableTypes(DexMerger.java:596)
    at com.android.dx.merge.DexMerger.getSortedTypes(DexMerger.java:554)
    at com.android.dx.merge.DexMerger.mergeClassDefs(DexMerger.java:535)
    ...

非测试版本工作正常。

有人有调试最佳方法的任何技巧吗？

我尝试运行./gradlew -q :<my_project>:dependencies，但是看不到任何明显的问题（尽管我对解释其输出了解不多）：

<snip>

androidTestCompile - Classpath for compiling the androidTest sources.
+--- com.squareup.spoon:spoon-client:1.1.2
+--- com.google.dexmaker:dexmaker-mockito:1.0
|    +--- com.google.dexmaker:dexmaker:1.0
|    \--- org.mockito:mockito-core:1.9.5
|         +--- org.hamcrest:hamcrest-core:1.1
|         \--- org.objenesis:objenesis:1.0
+--- com.google.dexmaker:dexmaker:1.0
+--- org.mockito:mockito-core:1.9.5 (*)
+--- com.jayway.android.robotium:robotium-solo:5.3.1
+--- com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-core:2.0
|    +--- com.squareup:javawriter:2.1.1
|    +--- org.hamcrest:hamcrest-integration:1.1
|    |    \--- org.hamcrest:hamcrest-core:1.1
|    +--- org.hamcrest:hamcrest-library:1.1
|    |    \--- org.hamcrest:hamcrest-core:1.1
|    +--- javax.inject:javax.inject:1
|    +--- com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-idling-resource:2.0
|    +--- com.android.support.test:testing-support-lib:0.1
|    |    \--- junit:junit-dep:4.10
|    |         \--- org.hamcrest:hamcrest-core:1.1
|    +--- com.google.code.findbugs:jsr305:2.0.1
|    +--- javax.annotation:javax.annotation-api:1.2
|    \--- org.hamcrest:hamcrest-core:1.1
\--- com.android.support.test:runner:0.2
     +--- junit:junit-dep:4.10 (*)
     +--- com.android.support.test:exposed-instrumentation-api-publish:0.2
     \--- com.android.support:support-annotations:22.0.0

<snip>

compile - Classpath for compiling the main sources.
+--- com.android.support:appcompat-v7:22.1.0
|    \--- com.android.support:support-v4:22.1.0
|         \--- com.android.support:support-annotations:22.1.0
+--- com.android.support:support-v4:22.1.0 (*)
+--- com.afollestad:material-dialogs:0.7.2.4
|    +--- com.android.support:support-v4:22.0.0 -> 22.1.0 (*)
|    +--- com.android.support:appcompat-v7:22.0.0 -> 22.1.0 (*)
|    +--- com.android.support:support-annotations:22.0.0 -> 22.1.0
|    \--- com.android.support:recyclerview-v7:22.0.0
|         +--- com.android.support:support-v4:22.0.0 -> 22.1.0 (*)
|         \--- com.android.support:support-annotations:22.0.0 -> 22.1.0
+--- com.google.android.gms:play-services-base:7.0.0
|    \--- com.android.support:support-v4:22.0.0 -> 22.1.0 (*)
+--- com.google.android.gms:play-services-gcm:7.0.0
|    \--- com.google.android.gms:play-services-base:7.0.0 (*)
+--- de.greenrobot:greendao:1.3.7
+--- de.greenrobot:eventbus:2.2.0
+--- com.squareup.wire:wire-runtime:1.4.0
|    \--- com.squareup.okio:okio:0.6.0 -> 1.0.1
+--- com.squareup.okio:okio:1.0.1
+--- com.squareup.okhttp:okhttp-urlconnection:2.0.0
|    \--- com.squareup.okhttp:okhttp:2.0.0
|         \--- com.squareup.okio:okio:1.0.0 -> 1.0.1
+--- com.squareup.retrofit:retrofit:1.6.0
|    \--- com.google.code.gson:gson:2.2.4
+--- com.squareup.retrofit:converter-wire:1.6.0
|    +--- com.squareup.retrofit:retrofit:1.6.0 (*)
|    \--- com.squareup.wire:wire-runtime:1.2.0 -> 1.4.0 (*)
+--- com.squareup.okhttp:okhttp:2.0.0 (*)
+--- com.squareup.picasso:picasso:2.4.0
+--- com.path:android-priority-jobqueue:1.1.2
|    \--- com.google.android:android:2.2.1
|         +--- commons-logging:commons-logging:1.1.1
|         +--- org.apache.httpcomponents:httpclient:4.0.1
|         |    +--- org.apache.httpcomponents:httpcore:4.0.1
|         |    +--- commons-logging:commons-logging:1.1.1
|         |    \--- commons-codec:commons-codec:1.3
|         +--- org.khronos:opengl-api:gl1.1-android-2.1_r1
|         +--- xerces:xmlParserAPIs:2.6.2
|         +--- xpp3:xpp3:1.1.4c
|         \--- org.json:json:20080701
+--- com.netflix.rxjava:rxjava-android:0.16.1
|    \--- com.netflix.rxjava:rxjava-core:0.16.1
+--- com.nineoldandroids:library:2.4.0
+--- it.sephiroth.android.library.horizontallistview:hlistview:1.2.2
|    \--- com.android.support:support-v4:19.1.+ -> 22.1.0 (*)
+--- com.joooonho:selectableroundedimageview:1.0.1
+--- com.crashlytics.sdk.android:crashlytics:2.0.1
|    +--- com.crashlytics.sdk.android:answers:1.0.1
|    |    \--- io.fabric.sdk.android:fabric:1.0.1
|    +--- io.fabric.sdk.android:fabric:1.0.1
|    \--- com.crashlytics.sdk.android:beta:1.0.1
|         \--- io.fabric.sdk.android:fabric:1.0.1
+--- com.mixpanel.android:mixpanel-android:4.5.3
\--- com.facebook.android:facebook-android-sdk:4.0.0
     +--- com.android.support:support-v4:[21,22) -> 22.1.0 (*)
     \--- com.parse.bolts:bolts-android:1.1.4

<snip>

我也尝试搜索build/intermediates目录的子文件夹，但看不到任何冒烟者（尽管我不确定我是否以正确的方式搜索了所有外部依赖项JAR）。

这是我的build.gradle的依赖项部分：

dependencies {
    compile 'com.android.support:appcompat-v7:22.1.0'
    compile 'com.android.support:support-v4:22.1.0'
    compile 'com.afollestad:material-dialogs:0.7.2.4'
    compile 'com.google.android.gms:play-services-base:7.0.0'
    compile 'com.google.android.gms:play-services-gcm:7.0.0'
    compile 'de.greenrobot:greendao:1.3.7'
    compile 'de.greenrobot:eventbus:2.2.0'
    compile 'com.squareup.wire:wire-runtime:1.4.0'
    compile 'com.squareup.okio:okio:1.0.1'
    compile 'com.squareup.okhttp:okhttp-urlconnection:2.0.0'
    compile 'com.squareup.retrofit:retrofit:1.6.0'
    compile 'com.squareup.retrofit:converter-wire:1.6.0'
    compile 'com.squareup.okhttp:okhttp:2.0.0'
    compile 'com.squareup.picasso:picasso:2.4.0'
    compile 'com.path:android-priority-jobqueue:1.1.2'
    compile 'com.netflix.rxjava:rxjava-android:0.16.1'
    compile 'com.nineoldandroids:library:2.4.0'
    compile 'it.sephiroth.android.library.horizontallistview:hlistview:1.2.2'
    compile 'com.joooonho:selectableroundedimageview:1.0.1'
    compile('com.crashlytics.sdk.android:crashlytics:2.0.1@aar') {
        transitive = true;
    }
    compile "com.mixpanel.android:mixpanel-android:4.5.3"
    compile "com.facebook.android:facebook-android-sdk:4.0.0"

    // For the Rollbar JAR, as it is not available in Maven central
    compile fileTree(dir: 'libs', include: '*.jar')

    androidTestCompile 'com.squareup.spoon:spoon-client:1.1.2'
    androidTestCompile 'com.google.dexmaker:dexmaker-mockito:1.0'
    androidTestCompile 'com.google.dexmaker:dexmaker:1.0'
    androidTestCompile 'org.mockito:mockito-core:1.9.5'
    androidTestCompile 'com.jayway.android.robotium:robotium-solo:5.3.1'
    androidTestCompile 'com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-core:2.0'
    androidTestCompile 'com.android.support.test:runner:0.2'
}

更新：
当我从更新com.android.tools.build:gradle:1.0.0到时com.android.tools.build:gradle:1.1.1，我得到以下警告：

Warning:Conflict with dependency 'com.android.support:support-annotations'. Resolved versions for app (22.1.0) and test app (22.0.0) differ.

Answer 1

更新（2015年9月7日）：

如果使用以下排除项，则可以继续使用22.2.1：

androidTestCompile ('com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-core:2.2') {
    exclude group: 'com.android.support', module: 'support-annotations'
}
androidTestCompile ('com.android.support.test:runner:0.3') {
    exclude group: 'com.android.support', module: 'support-annotations'
}
androidTestCompile ('com.android.support.test:rules:0.3') {
    exclude group: 'com.android.support', module: 'support-annotations'
}

如果您依赖espresso-contrib，则还需要排除。

更新（8/03/2015）：

使用支持库22.2.1，依赖关系再次被破坏。在发布新的亚军之前，请不要升级到22.2.1。

更新（6/04/2015）：

在最新版本的运行器0.3和规则0.3中，不再需要此答案。您可以简单地使用

androidTestCompile 'com.android.support.test:runner:0.3'
androidTestCompile 'com.android.support.test:rules:0.3'
androidTestCompile 'com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-core:2.2'

最新的支持库。（22.2.0截至撰写本文时）

更新（5/30/2015）：

compile 'com.android.support:appcompat-v7:22.2.0'
androidTestCompile 'com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-core:2.2'
// com.android.support.test:testing-support-lib:0.1 // <-- causes issue

更新（4/24/2015）：

问题是与com.android.support:support-v4:22.1.1发生冲突com.android.support.test:runner:0.2（取决于com.android.support:support-v4:22.0.0）。

com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso- core:2.1依赖于com.android.support.test:runner:0.2，因此也会导致相同的错误。

因此，此组合将起作用：

compile 'com.android.support:support-v4:22.0.0'
androidTestCompile 'com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-core:2.1'

…所以这个（ 不带 'com.android.support.test:runner:0.2'）也会这样：

compile 'com.android.support:support-v4:22.1.0'
androidTestCompile 'com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-core:2.0'

原始答案：

与Espresso文档所说的相反，您应该删除此依赖项：

androidTestCompile 'com.android.support.test:runner:0.2'

因为这是库版本冲突的原因。

您还应该更新至Android gradle插件1.1.1，因为该版本将告诉您确切的版本冲突，在这种情况下很有用。