并发：Chudnovky的算法，比同步慢

Question

我刚刚在朋友的推荐下开始学习go。到目前为止，我很喜欢它，但是我写了（我想会是）轻量级并发功能的完美例子，并且得到了令人惊讶的结果……所以我怀疑我做错了，或者误解了goroutine是多么昂贵。我希望这里的一些地鼠能提供见识。

我在Go中使用goroutine和简单的同步执行编写了Chudnovsky的算法。我假设，每次计算都独立于其他计算，因此并发运行至少要快一点。

注意 ：我正在第5代i7上运行此程序，因此，如果按照我的要求，将goroutines多路复用到线程上，则应同时进行并发 和 并行处理。

 package main

import (
  "fmt"
  "math"
  "strconv"
  "time"
)

func main() {
  var input string
  var sum float64
  var pi float64
  c := make(chan float64)

  fmt.Print("How many iterations? ")
  fmt.Scanln(&input)
  max,err := strconv.Atoi(input)

  if err != nil {
    panic("You did not enter a valid integer")
  }
  start := time.Now() //start timing execution of concurrent routine

  for i := 0; i < max; i++ {
    go chudnovskyConcurrent(i,c)
  }

  for i := 0; i < max; i++ {
    sum += <-c
  }
  end := time.Now() //end of concurrent routine
  fmt.Println("Duration of concurrent calculation: ",end.Sub(start))
  pi = 1/(12*sum)
  fmt.Println(pi)

  start = time.Now() //start timing execution of syncronous routine
  sum = 0
  for i := 0; i < max; i++ {
    sum += chudnovskySync(i)
  }
  end = time.Now() //end of syncronous routine
  fmt.Println("Duration of synchronous calculation: ",end.Sub(start))
  pi = 1/(12*sum)
  fmt.Println(pi)
}

func chudnovskyConcurrent(i int, c chan<- float64) {
  var numerator float64
  var denominator float64
  ifloat := float64(i)
  iun := uint64(i)
  numerator = math.Pow(-1, ifloat) * float64(factorial(6*iun)) * (545140134*ifloat+13591409)
  denominator = float64(factorial(3*iun)) * math.Pow(float64(factorial(iun)),3) * math.Pow(math.Pow(640320,3),ifloat+0.5)
  c <- numerator/denominator
}

func chudnovskySync(i int) (r float64) {
  var numerator float64
  var denominator float64
  ifloat := float64(i)
  iun := uint64(i)
  numerator = math.Pow(-1, ifloat) * float64(factorial(6*iun)) * (545140134*ifloat+13591409)
  denominator = float64(factorial(3*iun)) * math.Pow(float64(factorial(iun)),3) * math.Pow(math.Pow(640320,3),ifloat+0.5)
  r = numerator/denominator
  return
}

func factorial(n uint64) (res uint64) {
  if ( n > 0 ) {
    res = n * factorial(n-1)
    return res
  }

  return 1
}

这是我的结果：

How many iterations? 20
Duration of concurrent calculation:  573.944µs
3.1415926535897936
Duration of synchronous calculation:  63.056µs
3.1415926535897936

Answer 1

您正在进行的计算太简单了，无法在单独的goroutine中进行每个计算。与实际计算相比，您在运行时中浪费的时间更多（创建goroutine，复用，调度等）。例如，您尝试做的事情更适合于GPU，因为您拥有大量并行执行单元，这些单元可以立即进行一次简单的计算。但是您将需要其他语言和API来做到这一点。

您可以做的是为每个执行硬件线程创建执行软件线程。您想将max变量拆分为大块并并行执行。这是一个非常简单的例子，仅用于说明这个想法：

package main

import (
  "fmt"
  "math"
  "strconv"
  "time"
  "runtime"
)

func main() {
  var input string
  var sum float64
  var pi float64
  c := make(chan float64, runtime.GOMAXPROCS(-1))
  fmt.Print("How many iterations? ")
  fmt.Scanln(&input)
  max,err := strconv.Atoi(input)

  if err != nil {
    panic("You did not enter a valid integer")
  }
  start := time.Now() //start timing execution of concurrent routine

  for i := 0; i < runtime.GOMAXPROCS(-1); i++ {
    go func(i int){
      var sum float64
      for j := 0; j < max/runtime.GOMAXPROCS(-1); j++  {
        sum += chudnovskySync(j + i*max/runtime.GOMAXPROCS(-1))
      }
      c <- sum
    }(i)
  }

  for i := 0; i < runtime.GOMAXPROCS(-1); i++ {
    sum += <-c
  }
  end := time.Now() //end of concurrent routine
  fmt.Println("Duration of concurrent calculation: ",end.Sub(start))
  pi = 1/(12*sum)
  fmt.Println(pi)

  start = time.Now() //start timing execution of syncronous routine
  sum = 0
  for i := 0; i < max; i++ {
    sum += chudnovskySync(i)
  }
  end = time.Now() //end of syncronous routine
  fmt.Println("Duration of synchronous calculation: ",end.Sub(start))
  pi = 1/(12*sum)
  fmt.Println(pi)
}

func chudnovskySync(i int) (r float64) {
  var numerator float64
  var denominator float64
  ifloat := float64(i)
  iun := uint64(i)
  numerator = math.Pow(-1, ifloat) * float64(factorial(6*iun)) * (545140134*ifloat+13591409)
  denominator = float64(factorial(3*iun)) * math.Pow(float64(factorial(iun)),3) * math.Pow(math.Pow(640320,3),ifloat+0.5)
  r = numerator/denominator
  return
}

func factorial(n uint64) (res uint64) {
  if ( n > 0 ) {
    res = n * factorial(n-1)
    return res
  }

  return 1
}

这是结果

$ go version
go version go1.5.2 windows/amd64

$ go run main.go
GOMAXPROCS = 4
How many iterations? 10000
Duration of concurrent calculation:  932.8916ms
NaN
Duration of synchronous calculation:  2.0639744s
NaN