Introduction
UFW is a firewall configuration tool for iptables that is included with Ubuntu by default. This cheat sheet-style guide provides a quick reference to UFW commands that will create iptables firewall rules are useful in common, everyday scenarios. This includes UFW examples of allowing and blocking various services by port, network interface, and source IP address.
How To Use This Guide
- If you are just getting started with using UFW to configure your firewall, check out our introduction to UFW
- Most of the rules that are described here assume that you are using the default UFW ruleset. That is, it is set to allow outgoing and deny incoming traffic, through the default policies, so you have to selectively allow traffic in
- Use whichever subsequent sections are applicable to what you are trying to achieve. Most sections are not predicated on any other, so you can use the examples below independently
- Use the Contents menu on the right side of this page (at wide page widths) or your browser's find function to locate the sections you need
- Copy and paste the command-line examples given, substituting the values in red with your own values
Remember that you can check your current UFW ruleset with sudo ufw status or sudo ufw status verbose.
Block an IP Address
To block all network connections that originate from a specific IP address, 15.15.15.51 for example, run this command:
sudo ufw deny from 15.15.15.51
In this example, from 15.15.15.51 specifies a source IP address of "15.15.15.51". If you wish, a subnet, such as 15.15.15.0/24, may be specified here instead. The source IP address can be specified in any firewall rule, including an allow rule.
Block Connections to a Network Interface
To block connections from a specific IP address, e.g. 15.15.15.51, to a specific network interface, e.g.eth0, use this command:
sudo ufw deny in on eth0 from 15.15.15.51
This is the same as the previous example, with the addition of in on eth0. The network interface can be specified in any firewall rule, and is a great way to limit the rule to a particular network.
Service: SSH
If you're using a cloud server, you will probably want to allow incoming SSH connections (port 22) so you can connect to and manage your server. This section covers how to configure your firewall with various SSH-related rules.
Allow SSH
To allow all incoming SSH connections run this command:
sudo ufw allow ssh
An alternative syntax is to specify the port number of the SSH service:
sudo ufw allow 22
Allow Incoming SSH from Specific IP Address or Subnet
To allow incoming SSH connections from a specific IP address or subnet, specify the source. For example, if you want to allow the entire 15.15.15.0/24 subnet, run this command:
sudo ufw allow from 15.15.15.0/24 to any port 22
Allow Incoming Rsync from Specific IP Address or Subnet
Rsync, which runs on port 873, can be used to transfer files from one computer to another.
To allow incoming rsync connections from a specific IP address or subnet, specify the source IP address and the destination port. For example, if you want to allow the entire 15.15.15.0/24 subnet to be able to rsync to your server, run this command:
sudo ufw allow from 15.15.15.0/24 to any port 873
Service: Web Server
Web servers, such as Apache and Nginx, typically listen for requests on port 80 and 443 for HTTP and HTTPS connections, respectively. If your default policy for incoming traffic is set to drop or deny, you will want to create rules that will allow your server to respond to those requests.
Allow All Incoming HTTP
To allow all incoming HTTP (port 80) connections run this command:
sudo ufw allow http
An alternative syntax is to specify the port number of the HTTP service:
sudo ufw allow 80
Allow All Incoming HTTPS
To allow all incoming HTTPS (port 443) connections run this command:
sudo ufw allow https
An alternative syntax is to specify the port number of the HTTPS service:
sudo ufw allow 443
Allow All Incoming HTTP and HTTPS
If you want to allow both HTTP and HTTPS traffic, you can create a single rule that allows both ports. To allow all incoming HTTP and HTTPS (port 443) connections run this command:
sudo ufw allow proto tcp from any to any port 80,443
Note that you need to specify the protocol, with proto tcp, when specifying multiple ports.
Service: MySQL
MySQL listens for client connections on port 3306. If your MySQL database server is being used by a client on a remote server, you need to be sure to allow that traffic.
Allow MySQL from Specific IP Address or Subnet
To allow incoming MySQL connections from a specific IP address or subnet, specify the source. For example, if you want to allow the entire 15.15.15.0/24 subnet, run this command:
sudo ufw allow from 15.15.15.0/24 to any port 3306
Allow MySQL to Specific Network Interface
To allow MySQL connections to a specific network interface—say you have a private network interfaceeth1, for example—use this command:
sudo ufw allow in on eth1 to any port 3306
Service: PostgreSQL
PostgreSQL listens for client connections on port 5432. If your PostgreSQL database server is being used by a client on a remote server, you need to be sure to allow that traffic.
PostgreSQL from Specific IP Address or Subnet
To allow incoming PostgreSQL connections from a specific IP address or subnet, specify the source. For example, if you want to allow the entire 15.15.15.0/24 subnet, run this command:
sudo ufw allow from 15.15.15.0/24 to any port 5432
The second command, which allows the outgoing traffic of established PostgreSQL connections, is only necessary if the OUTPUT policy is not set to ACCEPT.
Allow PostgreSQL to Specific Network Interface
To allow PostgreSQL connections to a specific network interface—say you have a private network interfaceeth1, for example—use this command:
sudo ufw allow in on eth1 to any port 5432
The second command, which allows the outgoing traffic of established PostgreSQL connections, is only necessary if the OUTPUT policy is not set to ACCEPT.
Service: Mail
Mail servers, such as Sendmail and Postfix, listen on a variety of ports depending on the protocols being used for mail delivery. If you are running a mail server, determine which protocols you are using and allow the appropriate types of traffic. We will also show you how to create a rule to block outgoing SMTP mail.
Block Outgoing SMTP Mail
If your server shouldn't be sending outgoing mail, you may want to block that kind of traffic. To block outgoing SMTP mail, which uses port 25, run this command:
sudo ufw deny out 25
This configures your firewall to drop all outgoing traffic on port 25. If you need to reject a different service by its port number, instead of port 25, simply replace it.
Allow All Incoming SMTP
To allow your server to respond to SMTP connections, port 25, run this command:
sudo ufw allow 25
Note: It is common for SMTP servers to use port 587 for outbound mail.
Allow All Incoming IMAP
To allow your server to respond to IMAP connections, port 143, run this command:
sudo ufw allow 143
Allow All Incoming IMAPS
To allow your server to respond to IMAPS connections, port 993, run this command:
sudo ufw allow 993
Allow All Incoming POP3
To allow your server to respond to POP3 connections, port 110, run this command:
sudo ufw allow 110
Allow All Incoming POP3S
To allow your server to respond to POP3S connections, port 995, run this command:
sudo ufw allow 995
Conclusion
That should cover many of the commands that are commonly used when using UFW to configure a firewall. Of course, UFW is a very flexible tool so feel free to mix and match the commands with different options to match your specific needs if they aren't covered here.
Good luck!
Configure Ubuntu Firewall (UFW) on Ubuntu 14.04
Security is crucial when you run your own server. You want to make sure that only authorized users can access your server, configuration, and services.
In Ubuntu, there is a firewall that comes preloaded. It's called UFW (Ubuntu-Firewall). Although UFW is a pretty basic firewall, it is user friendly, excels at filtering traffic, and has good documentation. Some basic Linux knowledge should be enough to configure this firewall on your own.
Install UFW
Notice that UFW is typically installed by default in Ubuntu. But if anything, you can install it yourself. To install UFW, run the following command.
sudo apt-get install ufw
Allow connections
If you are running a web server, you obviously want the world to be able to access your website(s). Therefore, you need to make sure that the default TCP port for web is open.
sudo ufw allow 80/tcp
In general, you can allow any port you need by using the following format:
sudo ufw allow <port>/<optional: protocol>
Deny connections
If you need to deny access to a certain port, use this:
sudo ufw deny <port>/<optional: protocol>
For example, let's deny access to our default MySQL port.
sudo ufw deny 3306
UFW also supports a simplified syntax for the most common service ports.
root@127:~$ sudo ufw deny mysql
Rule updated
Rule updated (v6)
It is highly recommended to restrict access to your SSH port (by default it's port 22) from anywhere except your trusted IP addresses (example: office or home).
Allow access from a trusted IP address
Typically, you would need to allow access only to publicly open ports such as port 80. Access to all other ports need to be restricted or limited. You can whitelist your home/office IP address (preferably, it is supposed to be a static IP) to be able to access your server through SSH or FTP.
sudo ufw allow from 192.168.0.1 to any port 22
Let's also allow access to the MySQL port.
sudo ufw allow from 192.168.0.1 to any port 3306
Looks better now. Let's move on.
Enable UFW
Before enabling (or restating) UFW, you need to make sure that the SSH port is allowed to receive connections from your IP address. To start/enable your UFW firewall, use the following command:
sudo ufw enable
You will see this:
root@127:~$ sudo ufw enable
Command may disrupt existing ssh connections. Proceed with operation (y|n)?
Type Y, then press Enter to enable the firewall.
Firewall is active and enabled on system startup
Check UFW status
Take a look at all of your rules.
sudo ufw status
You will see output similar to the following.
sudo ufw status
Firewall loaded
To Action From
-- ------ ----
22:tcp ALLOW 192.168.0.1
22:tcp DENY ANYWHERE
Use the "verbose" parameter to see a more detailed status report.
sudo ufw status verbose
Disable/reload/restart UFW
To disable (stop) UFW, run this command.
sudo ufw disable
If you need to reload UFW (reload rules), run the following.
sudo ufw reload
In order to restart UFW, you will need to disable it first, and then enable it again.
sudo ufw disable
sudo ufw enable
Again, before enabling UFW, make sure that the SSH port is allowed for your IP address.
Removing rules
To manage your UFW rules, you need to list them. You can do that by checking UFW status with the parameter "numbered". You will see output similar to the following.
root@127:~$ sudo ufw status numbered
Status: active
To Action From
-- ------ ----
[ 1] 22 ALLOW IN 192.168.0.1
[ 2] 80 ALLOW IN Anywhere
[ 3] 3306 ALLOW IN 192.168.0.1
[ 4] 22 DENY IN Anywhere
Noticed the numbers in square brackets? Now, to remove any of these rules, you will need to use these numbers.
sudo ufw delete [number]
Enabling IPv6 support
If you use IPv6 on your VPS, you need to ensure that IPv6 support is enabled in UFW. To do so, open the config file in a text editor.
sudo nano /etc/default/ufw
Once opened, make sure that IPV6 is set to "yes":
IPV6=yes
After making this change, save the file. Then, restart UFW by disabling and re-enabling it.
sudo ufw disable
sudo ufw enable
Back to default settings
If you need to go back to default settings, simply type in the following command. This will revert any of your changes.
sudo ufw reset
Conclusion
Overall, UFW is able to protect your VPS against the most common hacking attempts. Of course, your security measures should be more detailed than just using UFW. However, it is a good (and necessary) start.
If you need more examples of using UFW, you can refer to UFW - Community Help Wiki.