mysql多节点部署_【MySQL运维】MySQL多实例部署案例

杜辰龙

2023-12-01

昨天晚上在群中和一些网友聊到了MySQL多实例的话题，最早接触MySQL多实例还是在1年前，那会我刚步入运维行业，做过MySQL多实例的相关实验，在后来的工作中也很少用到多实例，一直就淡漠了它，昨天再次提及，故此再次重新整理下以前的笔记，参考一些大牛的观点，也参考我的好友贺总(尊称)的意见，特此写下这篇文章！废话不说，切入正题....

在同一台物理服务器上部署多个实例，而多实例的部署方式简单，但是如何才能减少我们生产环境的维护成本，如何减少我们出错的机会，如何方便我们后续的迁移和清理等工作，以及如何借助多实例绑定的方式提高服务器的CPU资源利用率.

什么情况下我们会考虑一台物理服务器上部署多个实例，大致有以下几种情况：

u采用了数据伪分布式架构的原因，而项目启动初期又不一定有那多的用户量，为此先一组物理数据库服务器，但部署多个实例，方便后续迁移；

u为规避mysql对SMP架构不支持的缺陷，使用多实例绑定处理器的办法(NUMA处理器必须支持，不过现在大部分处理器都支持的！)，把不同的数据库分配到不同的实例上提供数据服务；

u一台物理数据库服务器支撑多个数据库的数据服务，为提高mysql复制的从机的恢复效率，采用多实例部署；

u已经为双主复制的mysql数据库服务器架构，想部分重要业务的数据多一份异地机房的热备份，而mysql复制暂不支持多主的复制模式，且不给用户提供服务，为有效控制成本，会考虑异地机房部署一台性能超好的物理服务器，甚至外加磁盘柜的方式，为此也会部署多实例；

u传统游戏行业的MMO/MMORPG，以及Web Game，每一个服都对应一个数据库，而可能要做很多数据查询和数据订正的工作，为减少维护而出错的概率，也可能采用多实例部署的方式，按区的概念分配数据库；

下面是具体的搭建细节！

首先说明下MySQL的运行平台：CentOS 5.8 x86_64MySQL-5.5.25

准备的软件列表：mysql-5.5.25.tar.gzcmake-2.8.4.tar.gzlibunwind-1.0.1.tar.gz

gperftools-2.0.tar.gz

1.安装Tcmalloc优化加速mysql

64位操作系统要先安装libunwind库，32位操作系统可以不要安装:cd /home/qiuzhijun/soft

tar zxf libunwind-1.0.1.tar.gz

cd libunwind-1.0.1

./configure

make;make install

cd ..

tar zxf gperftools-2.0.tar.gz

cd gperftools-2.0

./configure

make;make install

cd ..

echo "/usr/local/lib" > /etc/ld.so.conf.d/usr_local_lib.conf

/sbin/ldconfig

cd ..

利用TCMalloc提高mysql在高并发下的性能：[root@MySQL5_10 ~]# ll /usr/local/lib/libtcmalloc.so

lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 20 Jul 9 21:17 /usr/local/lib/libtcmalloc.so -> libtcmalloc.so.4.1.0

sed -i '/# executing mysqld_safe/a\export LD_PRELOAD=/usr/local/lib/libtcmalloc.so' /usr/local/webserver/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe

2.安装mysqluseradd -s /sbin/nologin -M mysql

mkdir -p /data/mysql/data330{6,7}/{sock,data,tmpdir,log,binlog, innodb_log, innodb_ts}

chown -R mysql:mysql /data/mysql

cd /home/qiuzhijun/soft

tar zxf cmake-2.8.4.tar.gz

cd cmake-2.8.4

./bootstrap

gmake

gmake install

cd ..

tar zxvf mysql-5.5.25.tar.gz

cd mysql-5.5.25/

rm -rf CMakeCache.txt

cmake -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/usr/local/webserver/mysql -DMYSQL_UNIX_ADDR=/tmp/mysql.sock -DDEFAULT_CHARSET=utf8 -DDEFAULT_COLLATION=utf8_general_ci -DEXTRA_CHARSETS=all -DWITH_MYISAM_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 -DWITH_INNOBASE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 -DWITH_READLINE=1 -DENABLED_LOCAL_INFILE=1 -DMYSQL_DATADIR=/data/mysql/data -DMYSQL_TCP_PORT=3306 -DWITH_DEBUG=0

make;make install

chown -R mysql:mysql /usr/local/webserver/mysql

ln -s /usr/local/webserver/mysql/lib/libmysqlclient.so.18 /usr/lib/libmysqlclient.so.18

echo "/usr/local/webserver/mysql/lib/mysql" >> /etc/ld.so.conf

3.创建配置文件

#++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ multi ++++++++++++++++++++++++++

[mysqld_multi]

mysqld = /usr/local/webserver/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe

mysqladmin = /usr/local/webserver/mysql/bin/mysqladmin

use = root

#password =

log = /data/mysql/multi.log

[client]

#default-character-set = utf8

#++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++3306++++++++++++++++++++++++++

[mysqld3306]

user = mysql

port = 3306

socket = /data/mysql/data3306/sock/mysql.sock

pid-file = /data/mysql/data3306/sock/mysql.pid

datadir = /data/mysql/data3306/data

tmpdir = /data/mysql/data3306/tmpdir

big_tables

skip_external_locking

skip-name-resolve

lower_case_table_names = 1

back_log = 100

#default-storage-engine = INNODB

max_connections = 800

max_connect_errors = 100000

interactive_timeout = 172800

connect_timeout = 10

max_allowed_packet = 4M

max_heap_table_size = 128M

tmp_table_size = 128M

max_length_for_sort_data = 4096

net_buffer_length = 8K

sort_buffer_size = 8M

join_buffer_size = 1M

read_buffer_size = 1M

read_rnd_buffer_size = 2M

table_cache = 1024

thread_cache_size = 64

thread_concurrency = 8

query_cache_type = 0

query_cache_size = 64M

query_cache_limit = 1M

#******************************* Logs related settings ***************************

log-error = /data/mysql/data3306/log/error.log

log_warnings

long_query_time = 1

slow_query_log

slow_query_log_file = /data/mysql/data3306/log/slow-query.log

log_queries_not_using_indexes

binlog_cache_size = 8M

max_binlog_size = 512M

log-bin = /data/mysql/data3306/binlog/mysql-bin3306

log-bin-index = /data/mysql/data3306/binlog/mysql-bin3306.index

expire_logs_days = 3

#******************************* Replication related settings **********************

server-id = 3306

report_port = 3306

report_user = repl

slave_net_timeout = 60

innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit = 2

sync_binlog = 0

binlog-format = mixed

transaction_isolation = REPEATABLE-READ

#******************************* MyISAM Specific options ****************************

key_buffer_size = 32M

bulk_insert_buffer_size = 16M

myisam_sort_buffer_size = 64M

myisam_max_sort_file_size = 1G

myisam_repair_threads = 1

myisam_recover

#***************************** INNODB Specific options ******************************

innodb_file_per_table = 1

innodb_autoinc_lock_mode = 1

innodb_fast_shutdown = 2

innodb_additional_mem_pool_size = 64M

innodb_buffer_pool_size = 5G

innodb_data_home_dir = /data/mysql/data3306/innodb_ts

innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:256M:autoextend

innodb_file_io_threads = 4

innodb_thread_concurrency = 0

innodb_log_buffer_size = 8M

innodb_log_file_size = 128M

#innodb_log_files_in_group = 5

innodb_log_group_home_dir = /data/mysql/data3306/innodb_log

innodb_max_dirty_pages_pct = 20

innodb_lock_wait_timeout = 120

innodb_flush_method=O_DIRECT

#++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++3307++++++++++++++++++++++++++

[mysqld3307]

user = mysql

port = 3307

socket = /data/mysql/data3307/sock/mysql.sock

pid-file = /data/mysql/data3307/sock/mysql.pid

datadir = /data/mysql/data3307/data

tmpdir = /data/mysql/data3307/tmpdir

big_tables

skip_external_locking

skip-name-resolve

lower_case_table_names = 1

back_log = 100

#default-storage-engine = INNODB

max_connections = 800

max_connect_errors = 100000

interactive_timeout = 172800

connect_timeout = 10

max_allowed_packet = 4M

max_heap_table_size = 128M

tmp_table_size = 128M

max_length_for_sort_data = 4096

net_buffer_length = 8K

sort_buffer_size = 8M

join_buffer_size = 1M

read_buffer_size = 1M

read_rnd_buffer_size = 2M

table_cache = 1024

thread_cache_size = 64

thread_concurrency = 8

query_cache_type = 0

query_cache_size = 64M

query_cache_limit = 1M

#******************************* Logs related settings ***************************

log-error = /data/mysql/data3307/log/error.log

log_warnings

long_query_time = 1

slow_query_log

slow_query_log_file = /data/mysql/data3307/log/slow-query.log

log_queries_not_using_indexes

binlog_cache_size = 8M

max_binlog_size = 512M

log-bin = /data/mysql/data3307/binlog/mysql-bin3307

log-bin-index = /data/mysql/data3307/binlog/mysql-bin3307.index

expire_logs_days = 3

#******************************* Replication related settings **********************

server-id = 3307

report_port = 3307

report_user = repl

slave_net_timeout = 60

innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit = 2

sync_binlog = 0

binlog-format = mixed

transaction_isolation = REPEATABLE-READ

#******************************* MyISAM Specific options ****************************

key_buffer_size = 32M

bulk_insert_buffer_size = 16M

myisam_sort_buffer_size = 64M

myisam_max_sort_file_size = 1G

myisam_repair_threads = 1

myisam_recover

#***************************** INNODB Specific options ******************************

innodb_file_per_table = 1

innodb_autoinc_lock_mode = 1

innodb_fast_shutdown = 2

innodb_additional_mem_pool_size = 64M

innodb_buffer_pool_size = 5G

innodb_data_home_dir = /data/mysql/data3307/innodb_ts

innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:256M:autoextend

innodb_file_io_threads = 4

innodb_thread_concurrency = 0

innodb_log_buffer_size = 8M

innodb_log_file_size = 128M

#innodb_log_files_in_group = 5

innodb_log_group_home_dir = /data/mysql/data3307/innodb_log

innodb_max_dirty_pages_pct = 20

innodb_lock_wait_timeout = 120

innodb_flush_method=O_DIRECT

[mysql]

no-auto-rehash

#prompt=”\\u@\\h : \\d \\r:\\m:\\s>”

prompt="(\\u:MySQL5_10@qzhijun:\R:\m:\\s)[\\d]> "

#tee=”/tmp/query.log”

#pager=”less -i -n -S”

max_allowed_packet = 1G

[mysqldump]

quick

max_allowed_packet = 1G

[mysqld_safe]

open-files-limit = 8192

[myisamchk]

key_buffer = 512M

sort_buffer_size = 128M

read_buffer = 8M

write_buffer = 8M

[mysqlhotcopy]

interactive-timeout

还有几点需要说明的：a.配置文件中写了两个mysqld节点，也就是启用了两个实例！要是有多个实例，就可以在配置文件加相应的mysqld节点，也可以给定每个实例单个配置，但是个人推荐用一个配置文件。b.配置文件中参数比较多，可能有些版本不同导致有些参数不适用，在后面启动时可能会报错，请大家多看错误日志！基本上通过查看错误日志能解决90%以上的问题，这也是排除故障的最基础的方法，大家应该养成这样的习惯。c.错误日志不能完全理解为，错误日志记录的全是错误日志，它记录了错误信息、警告信息、服务启动状态信息等，这是大部分网友容易误解的！d.这里的配置文件内容仅供参考，自己可以参考安装目录support-files目录下相关配置文件，根据自己的生产需求来选择配置文件。

配置文件中对于多实例部分参数说明：u[mysqld_multi]节点下相关参数

user参数：该参数为mysqld_multi命令配置一个统一默认的管理帐号，能够统一管理旗下所有mysqld服务节点的运行、管理、检查等相关信息，若在此设置的话，命令方式执行时没制定就使用此参数的值；

password参数：该参数是对应user的密码，但是密码信息我们一般都不写到配置文件中，以避免泄漏，而是执行命令的时候再输入；

log：该参数用于记录mysqld_multi执行命令的日志信息，以及出错信息，以便于我们查找问题的根源；

u[mysqld]节点下相关参数

该节点作为MySQL的服务节点，是整个配置文件的重点，也是难点，相关的参数调优等都集结在此节点之下。一台主机部署要多个实例，就涉及到各个实例各自的数据文件如何存放和隔离的问题，处于实例相关的目录和数据清理方便，以及维护成本更低，减少维护时的出错概率，我们采用上述样例配置文件中的目录结构，以及目录和数据文件命名方式，接下来我们主要阐述部分参数设置的意义：

user：该参数为mysqld服务启动后，mysqld使用何系统帐号运行mysqld服务的问题，不是指mysql授权表中创建的帐号，而是指操作系统级别中的帐号。我们安装mysql软件的时候，一般都会创建一个mysql帐号及为其制定用户编号，那么就可以把帐号名称mysql或mysql名称对应的用户编号，设置成参数user的值；

port：该参数是指定该服务节点下实例的监听端口。其它大部分相关参数这里不再说明，请参考mysql5.5的官方手册！

4.初使化MySQL两个实例

初使化mysqld3306实例：

/usr/local/webserver/mysql/scripts/mysql_install_db --basedir=/usr/local/webserver/mysql/ --datadir=/data/mysql/data3306/data/ --user=mysql

初使化mysqld3307实例：

/usr/local/webserver/mysql/scripts/mysql_install_db --basedir=/usr/local/webserver/mysql/ --datadir=/data/mysql/data3307/data/ --user=mysql

初使化实例分别指定不同的数据目录，要注意！

初使化出现如下字样，说明初使化成功：

when specifying MySQL privileges !

Installing MySQL system tables...

Filling help tables...

....

You can start the MySQL daemon with:

cd /usr/local/webserver/mysql/ ; /usr/local/webserver/mysql//bin/mysqld_safe &

You can test the MySQL daemon with mysql-test-run.pl

cd /usr/local/webserver/mysql//mysql-test ; perl mysql-test-run.pl

Please report any problems with the /usr/local/webserver/mysql//scripts/mysqlbug script!

很多网友在安装mysql时，启动mysql服务时，总是启动不成功，很有可能就是各网友朋友不够细心，MySQL初使化这步没成功导致！

5.一切准备就绪，启动MySQL实例

启动命令mysqld_multi

命令执行语法：

mysqld_multi [OPTIONS] {start|stop|report} [GNR,GNR,GNR...]或者mysqld_multi [OPTIONS] {start|stop|report} [GNR-GNR,GNR,GNR-GNR,...]

示例：mysqld_multi start 3306,3307或者mysqld_multi start 3306-3307

更多mysqld_multi命令的用法请参考官方文档和网络上其它的文档！同时也可以拷贝MySQL安装目录下support-files/mysqld_multi.server脚本来启动多实例，这里不再说明！mysqld_multi start 3306

mysqld_multi start 3307

启动完成后，查看各实例错误日志文件：

[root@MySQL5_10 ~]#cat /data/mysql/data3306/log/error.log

121019 20:33:37 mysqld_safe Starting mysqld daemon with databases from /data/mysql/data3306/data

121019 20:33:38 InnoDB: The InnoDB memory heap is disabled

121019 20:33:38 InnoDB: Mutexes and rw_locks use InnoDB's own implementation

121019 20:33:38 InnoDB: Compressed tables use zlib1.2.3

121019 20:33:38 InnoDB: Initializing buffer pool, size =100.0M

121019 20:33:38 InnoDB: Completed initialization of buffer pool

InnoDB: The first specified data file /data/mysql/data3306/innodb_ts/ibdata1 did not exist:

InnoDB: a new database to be created!

121019 20:33:38 InnoDB: Setting file /data/mysql/data3306/innodb_ts/ibdata1 size to 256 MB

InnoDB: Database physically writes the file full: wait...

InnoDB: Progress in MB: 100 200

121019 20:33:49 InnoDB: Log file /data/mysql/data3306/innodb_log/ib_logfile0 did not exist: new to be created

InnoDB: Setting log file /data/mysql/data3306/innodb_log/ib_logfile0 size to 128 MB

InnoDB: Database physically writes the file full: wait...

InnoDB: Progress in MB: 100

121019 20:33:55 InnoDB: Log file /data/mysql/data3306/innodb_log/ib_logfile1 did not exist: new to be created

InnoDB: Setting log file /data/mysql/data3306/innodb_log/ib_logfile1 size to 128 MB

InnoDB: Database physically writes the file full: wait...

InnoDB: Progress in MB: 100

InnoDB: Doublewrite buffer not found: creating new

InnoDB: Doublewrite buffer created

InnoDB: 127 rollback segment(s) active.

InnoDB: Creating foreign key constraint system tables

InnoDB: Foreign key constraint system tables created

121019 20:34:01 InnoDB: Waiting for the background threads to start

121019 20:34:02 InnoDB:1.1.6started; log sequence number 0

121019 20:34:03 [Note] Event Scheduler: Loaded 0 events

121019 20:34:03 [Note] /usr/local/webserver/mysql/bin/mysqld: ready for connections.

Version: '5.5.12-log' socket: '/data/mysql/data3306/sock/mysql.sock' port: 3306 Source distribution

[root@MySQL5_10 ~]#cat /data/mysql/data3307/log/error.log

121019 20:44:47 mysqld_safe mysqld from pid file /data/mysql/data3307/sock/mysql.pid ended

121019 20:47:22 mysqld_safe Starting mysqld daemon with databases from /data/mysql/data3307/data

121019 20:47:22 InnoDB: The InnoDB memory heap is disabled

121019 20:47:22 InnoDB: Mutexes and rw_locks use InnoDB's own implementation

121019 20:47:22 InnoDB: Compressed tables use zlib1.2.3

121019 20:47:22 InnoDB: Initializing buffer pool, size =100.0M

121019 20:47:22 InnoDB: Completed initialization of buffer pool

InnoDB: The first specified data file /data/mysql/data3307/innodb_ts/ibdata1 did not exist:

InnoDB: a new database to be created!

121019 20:47:22 InnoDB: Setting file /data/mysql/data3307/innodb_ts/ibdata1 size to 256 MB

InnoDB: Database physically writes the file full: wait...

InnoDB: Progress in MB: 100 200

121019 20:47:33 InnoDB: Log file /data/mysql/data3307/innodb_log/ib_logfile0 did not exist: new to be created

InnoDB: Setting log file /data/mysql/data3307/innodb_log/ib_logfile0 size to 128 MB

InnoDB: Database physically writes the file full: wait...

InnoDB: Progress in MB: 100

121019 20:47:40 InnoDB: Log file /data/mysql/data3307/innodb_log/ib_logfile1 did not exist: new to be created

InnoDB: Setting log file /data/mysql/data3307/innodb_log/ib_logfile1 size to 128 MB

InnoDB: Database physically writes the file full: wait...

InnoDB: Progress in MB: 100

InnoDB: Doublewrite buffer not found: creating new

InnoDB: Doublewrite buffer created

InnoDB: 127 rollback segment(s) active.

InnoDB: Creating foreign key constraint system tables

InnoDB: Foreign key constraint system tables created

121019 20:47:46 InnoDB: Waiting for the background threads to start

121019 20:47:47 InnoDB:1.1.6started; log sequence number 0

121019 20:47:47 [Note] Recovering after a crash using /data/mysql/data3307/binlog/mysql-bin3307

121019 20:47:47 [Note] Starting crash recovery...

121019 20:47:47 [Note] Crash recovery finished.

121019 20:47:47 [Note] Event Scheduler: Loaded 0 events

121019 20:47:47 [Note] /usr/local/webserver/mysql/bin/mysqld: ready for connections.

Version: '

5.5.12-log' socket: '/data/mysql/data3307/sock/mysql.sock' port: 3307 Source distribution

下面再看看mysqld_multi日志：

[root@MySQL5_10 ~]#cat /data/mysql/multi.log

Starting MySQL servers

121019 20:33:37 mysqld_safe Logging to '/data/mysql/data3306/log/error.log'.

121019 20:33:37 mysqld_safe Starting mysqld daemon with databases from /data/mysql/data3306/data

mysqld_multi log file version 2.16; run:五10月19 20:35:27 2012

Starting MySQL servers

121019 20:47:22 mysqld_safe Logging to '/data/mysql/data3307/log/error.log'.

121019 20:47:22 mysqld_safe Starting mysqld daemon with databases from /data/mysql/data3307/data

出现上面信息，说明多实例启动没有问题！

也可通过查看端口信息：

[root@MySQL5_10 ~]# lsof -i:3306

COMMAND PID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE NODE NAME

mysqld 3463 mysql 13u IPv4 9377 TCP *:mysql (LISTEN)

[root@MySQL5_10 ~]# lsof -i:3307

COMMAND PID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE NODE NAME

mysqld 9674 mysql 13u IPv4 20787 TCP *:opsession-prxy (LISTEN)

[root@MySQL5_10 ~]# ps aux |grep mysqld |grep -v grep

显示结果略.........

................

由于51CTO博客不可以发超过8万字，所以把ps的结果省略了，不然可以看到启动的参数都是mysqld节点下面设置的相关参数，都能在这里显示出来！

我们还可以查看下各实例的监听端口：

[root@MySQL5_10 ~]# netstat -ntlp |grep mysql

tcp 0 00.0.0.0:33060.0.0.0:* LISTEN 3463/mysqld

tcp 0 00.0.0.0:33070.0.0.0:* LISTEN9674/mysqld

客户端登录各实例：

[root@MySQL5_10 ~]# mysql -S /data/mysql/data3306/sock/mysql.sock

Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.

Your MySQL connection id is 4

Server version:5.5.25-log Source distribution

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its

affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective

owners.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

(root:MySQL5_10@qzhijun:10:30:46)[(none)]>show databases;

+--------------------+

| Database |

+--------------------+

| information_schema |

| mysql |

| performance_schema |

| test |

+--------------------+

4 rows in set (0.03 sec)

(root:MySQL5_10@qzhijun:10:31:07)[(none)]> \q

[root@MySQL5_10 ~]# mysql -S /data/mysql/data3307/sock/mysql.sock

Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.

Your MySQL connection id is 2

Server version:5.5.25-log Source distribution

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its

affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective

owners.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

(root:MySQL5_10@qzhijun:10:31:34)[(none)]>

一个简单和多实例到此OK........

mysql多节点部署_【MySQL运维】MySQL多实例部署案例

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