有时候我们用Java开发了一个小工具,希望通过命令行(CLI)或者图形界面直接调用。命令行相较于图形界面,实现迅速,交互更接近于程序员人群,本文主要介绍Java在命令行交互上的应用,我们不妨先看看命令行的两种风格:
tar -zxvf foo.tar.gz
java -Djava.awt.headless=true -Djava.net.useSystemProxies=true Foo
JCommander是Java解析命令行参数的工具,作者是cbeust,他的开源测试框架testNG相信很多程序员都有耳闻。
根据官方文档,我简单总结了JCommander的几个特点:
注解驱动
它的核心功能命令行参数定义是基于注解的,这也是我选择用它的主要原因。我们可以轻松做到命令行参数与属性的映射,属性除了是String类型,还可以是Integer、boolean,甚至是File、集合类型。
功能丰富
它同时支持文章开头的两种命令行风格,并且提供了输出帮助文档的能力(usage()
),还提供了国际化的支持。
高度扩展
下文会详述。
在看具体应用示例前,我们先读懂核心注解@Parameter
的源码(你大可以跳过下面这段长长的源码,直接看示例),以此来了解它向我们展示了哪些方面的能力:
@Retention(java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Target({ FIELD, METHOD })
public @interface Parameter {
/**
* An array of allowed command line parameters (e.g. "-d", "--outputdir", etc...).
* If this attribute is omitted, the field it's annotating will receive all the
* unparsed options. There can only be at most one such annotation.
*/
String[] names() default {};
/**
* A description of this option.
*/
String description() default "";
/**
* Whether this option is required.
*/
boolean required() default false;
/**
* The key used to find the string in the message bundle.
*/
String descriptionKey() default "";
/**
* How many parameter values this parameter will consume. For example,
* an arity of 2 will allow "-pair value1 value2".
*/
public static int DEFAULT_ARITY = -1;
int arity() default DEFAULT_ARITY;
/**
* If true, this parameter is a password and it will be prompted on the console
* (if available).
*/
boolean password() default false;
/**
* The string converter to use for this field. If the field is of type <tt>List</tt>
* and not <tt>listConverter</tt> attribute was specified, JCommander will split
* the input in individual values and convert each of them separately.
*/
Class<? extends IStringConverter<?>> converter() default NoConverter.class;
/**
* The list string converter to use for this field. If it's specified, the
* field has to be of type <tt>List</tt> and the converter needs to return
* a List that's compatible with that type.
*/
Class<? extends IStringConverter<?>> listConverter() default NoConverter.class;
/**
* If true, this parameter won't appear in the usage().
*/
boolean hidden() default false;
/**
* Validate the parameter found on the command line.
*/
Class<? extends IParameterValidator>[] validateWith() default NoValidator.class;
/**
* Validate the value for this parameter.
*/
Class<? extends IValueValidator>[] validateValueWith() default NoValueValidator.class;
/**
* @return true if this parameter has a variable arity. See @{IVariableArity}
*/
boolean variableArity() default false;
/**
* What splitter to use (applicable only on fields of type <tt>List</tt>). By default,
* a comma separated splitter will be used.
*/
Class<? extends IParameterSplitter> splitter() default CommaParameterSplitter.class;
/**
* If true, console will not echo typed input
* Used in conjunction with password = true
*/
boolean echoInput() default false;
/**
* If true, this parameter is for help. If such a parameter is specified,
* required parameters are no longer checked for their presence.
*/
boolean help() default false;
/**
* If true, this parameter can be overwritten through a file or another appearance of the parameter
* @return nc
*/
boolean forceNonOverwritable() default false;
/**
* If specified, this number will be used to order the description of this parameter when usage() is invoked.
* @return
*/
int order() default -1;
}
在一般应用场景,我们可能只需要设置@Parameter
以下几个属性值:
* names 设置命令行参数,如-old
* required 设置此参数是否必须
* description 设置参数的描述
* order 设置帮助文档的顺序
* help 设置此参数是否为展示帮助文档或者辅助功能
下面是一个完整的示例,它用来比较两份文档,然后输出差异。源码在https://github.com/Sayi/swagger-diff上。
/**
*
* @author Sayi
* @version
*/
public class CLI {
private static final String OUTPUT_MODE_MARKDOWN = "markdown";
@Parameter(names = "-old", description = "old api-doc location:Json file path or Http url", required = true, order = 0)
private String oldSpec;
@Parameter(names = "-new", description = "new api-doc location:Json file path or Http url", required = true, order = 1)
private String newSpec;
@Parameter(names = "-v", description = "swagger version:1.0 or 2.0", validateWith = RegexValidator.class, order = 2)
@Regex("(2\\.0|1\\.0)")
private String version = SwaggerDiff.SWAGGER_VERSION_V2;
@Parameter(names = "-output-mode", description = "render mode: markdown or html", validateWith = RegexValidator.class, order = 3)
@Regex("(markdown|html)")
private String outputMode = OUTPUT_MODE_MARKDOWN;
@Parameter(names = "--help", help = true, order = 5)
private boolean help;
@Parameter(names = "--version", description = "swagger-diff tool version", help = true, order = 6)
private boolean v;
public static void main(String[] args) {
CLI cli = new CLI();
JCommander jCommander = JCommander.newBuilder().addObject(cli).build();
jCommander.parse(args);
cli.run(jCommander);
}
public void run(JCommander jCommander) {
if (help) {
jCommander.setProgramName("java -jar swagger-diff.jar");
jCommander.usage();
return;
}
if (v) {
JCommander.getConsole().println("1.2.0");
return;
}
//SwaggerDiff diff = null;
}
}
运行命令行查看帮助文档,输出结果如下:
$ java -jar swagger-diff.jar --help
Usage: java -jar swagger-diff.jar [options]
Options:
* -old
old api-doc location:Json file path or Http url
* -new
new api-doc location:Json file path or Http url
-v
swagger version:1.0 or 2.0
Default: 2.0
-output-mode
render mode: markdown or html
Default: markdown
--help
--version
swagger-diff tool version
这个示例像我们展示了JCommander注解的强大,我们仅仅使用注解就完成了所有参数的定义。注意,对于boolean为true的参数,我们只需要输入参数名,比如--help
,而不是--help=true
。
示例中使用了usage()
方法即可完美的输出帮助文档。
JCommander是高度扩展的,两个核心接口定义了扩展的能力。
IStringConverter
支持String类型的参数值可以转化为任意其他类型的属性。
/**
* An interface that converts strings to any arbitrary type.
*
* If your class implements a constructor that takes a String, this
* constructor will be used to instantiate your converter and the
* parameter will receive the name of the option that's being parsed,
* which can be useful to issue a more useful error message if the
* conversion fails.
*
* You can also extend BaseConverter to make your life easier.
*
* @author cbeust
*/
public interface IStringConverter<T> {
/**
* @return an object of type <T> created from the parameter value.
*/
T convert(String value);
}
IParameterValidator
支持参数值的校验。
/**
* The class used to validate parameters.
*
* @author Cedric Beust <cedric@beust.com>
*/
public interface IParameterValidator {
/**
* Validate the parameter.
*
* @param name The name of the parameter (e.g. "-host").
* @param value The value of the parameter that we need to validate
*
* @throws ParameterException Thrown if the value of the parameter is invalid.
*/
void validate(String name, String value) throws ParameterException;
}
在阅读上文示例中,可能会有些许疑问,比如@Regex
是什么注解,JCommander并没有提供正则表达式校验参数值的功能。
对于很多参数,我们都有校验的场景,比如值只能是几个可选值,或者是在一定范围内,IParameterValidator 和IParameterValidator2实现了参数校验了功能,接下来我们将基于接口IParameterValidator2
扩展JCommander,同样,我们只需要使用注解即可。
@Regex("(2\\.0|1\\.0)")
package com.deepoove.swagger.diff.cli;
import static java.lang.annotation.ElementType.FIELD;
import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
import java.lang.annotation.Target;
@Retention(java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Target({ FIELD })
public @interface Regex {
String value() default "";
}
RegexValidator
,当有Regex注解的时候,解析正则表达式,应用校验规则。注意这段代码使用了反射,可能并不是最优雅的方式,但是在不修改JCommander源码的情况下,可能是最好的方式了。package com.deepoove.swagger.diff.cli;
import java.lang.reflect.Field;
import java.util.regex.Pattern;
import com.beust.jcommander.IParameterValidator2;
import com.beust.jcommander.ParameterDescription;
import com.beust.jcommander.ParameterException;
import com.beust.jcommander.Parameterized;
public class RegexValidator implements IParameterValidator2 {
private static final String PARAMETERIZED_FIELD_NAME = "field";
@Override
public void validate(String name, String value) throws ParameterException {
return;
}
@Override
public void validate(String name, String value, ParameterDescription pd)
throws ParameterException {
Parameterized parameterized = pd.getParameterized();
Class<? extends Parameterized> clazz = parameterized.getClass();
try {
Field declaredField = clazz.getDeclaredField(PARAMETERIZED_FIELD_NAME);
declaredField.setAccessible(true);
Field paramField = (Field) declaredField.get(parameterized);
Regex regex = paramField.getAnnotation(Regex.class);
if (null == regex) return;
String regexStr = regex.value();
if (!Pattern.matches(regexStr, value)) { throw new ParameterException(
"Parameter " + name + " should match " + regexStr + " (found " + value + ")"); }
} catch (NoSuchFieldException e) {
return;
} catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
return;
} catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
return;
}
}
}
@Parameter(names = "-v", validateWith = RegexValidator.class)
@Regex("(2\\.0|1\\.0)")
private String version = "2.0";
至此,正则校验已完成。
从源码中可以看到,JCommander默认提供了不少转化器。
----IStringConverter
\--BaseConverter
--\--BigDecimalConverter
--\--BooleanConverter
--\--DoubleConverter
--\--FloatConverter
--\--IntegerConverter
--\--ISO8601DateConverter
--\--LongConverter
--\--PathConverter
--\--URIConverter
--\--URLConverter
\--EnumConverter
\--InetAddressConverter
\--FileConverter
Java在命令行交互的应用,还有很多工具。另一个使用比较广泛的是Apache Commons CLI: http://commons.apache.org/proper/commons-cli/index.html,它比JCommander支持更多的命令行风格,但是扩展能力不够。
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