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# Intonation

- [Clauses](#clauses)

- [Tune Definitions](#tune-definitions)

- [tune](#tune)

- [endtune](#endtune)

- [prehead](#prehead)

- [headenv](#headenv)

- [height](#height)

- [head](#head)

- [headextend](#headextend)

- [nucleus](#nucleus)

- [nucleus0](#nucleus0)

- [onset](#onset)

- [headlast](#headlast)

----------

In eSpeak NG (eSpeak) standard intonation model, a "tune" is applied to each

clause depending on its punctuation. Other intonation models may be used

for some languages, such as tone languages.

Named tunes are defined in the text file `phsource/intonation`. This file

must be compiled for use by eSpeak by using:

espeak-ng --compile-intonations

## Clauses

The tunes which are used for a language can be specified by using a

`tunes` statement in a voice file in `espeak-ng-data/voices`. e.g.:

tunes   s1  c1  q1  e1

It's parameters are four tune names which are used for clauses which end

in:

1. Full-stop.

2. Comma.

3. Question mark.

4. Exclamation mark.

A clause consists of the following parts:

1. __Pre-head__ are any unstressed syllables before the first stressed syllable.

1. __Head__ is the part from the first stressed syllable up to the last syllable before the nucleus.

1. __Nucleus__ is stressed syllable which is the focus of the clause. eSpeak chooses the last stressed syllable of the clause.

1. __Tail__ are the syllables after the nucleus.

## Tune Definitions

Here is an example tune definition from the file `phsource/intonation`:

tune s1

prehead 46 57

headenv fall 16

head 4 80 55 -8 -5

headextend 0 63 38 13 0

nucleus fall 70 18 24 12

nucleus0 fall 64 8

endtune

### tune

`tune ` Starts the definition of a tune. The `tune name` can be used in a `tunes` statements in voice files.

### endtune

`endtune ` Ends the definition of a tune.

### prehead

`prehead ` Gives the pitch path for any series of unstressed

syllables before the first stressed syllable.

### headenv

`headenv ` Gives the pitch envelope which is used for stressed syllables in the head (before the nucleus), including `onset` and `headlast` syllables if these are specified.

###height

`height` gives a pitch range for the envelope.

### head

head

`start pitch` give a pitch path for the stressed syllables of the head.

`steps` is the maximum number of stressed syllables for which this applies. If

there are additional stressed syllables, then the `headextend` statement is used

for them.

`unstressed start` give a pitch path for unstressed syllables between two stressed

syllables. Their values are relative to the pitch of the previous stressed syllable.

Values are usually negative, meaning that the unstressed syllables have lower pitch

than the previous stressed syllable.

### headextend

headextend

If the head contains more stressed syllables than is specified by `steps` is used.

It contains up to 8 numbers which are used repeatedly for the additional stressed

syllables. A value of 0 corresponds to the lower the `start pitch` values of the

`head` statement. 100 corresponds to the higher value.

Negative values and values greater than 100 are allowed.

### nucleus

nucleus

This gives the pitch envelope and pitch range of the last stressed syllable of

the clause. `tail start` and `tail end` give a pitch path for the unstressed

syllables which are after the last stressed syllable.

### nucleus0

nucleus0

This is used instead of `nucleus` if there are no unstressed syllables after

the last stressed syllable. In this case, the pitch changes of the nucleus and

the tail and both included in the nucleus.

### onset

onset

This specifies the pitch for the first stressed syllable of the head. If the

`onset` statement is present, then the `head` statement used for the stressed

syllables after the first.

### headlast

headlast

This specifies the pitch for the last stressed syllable of the head (i.e. the

stressed syllable before the nucleus).

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