English book2
Unit1 Putting in a Good Word for Guilt
一，词汇
1. An increasing number of children’s books attempt to portray life as it is for members of disadvantaged and minority groups. This year saw the publication of a rich assortment of realistic fictions for children aged 8-12 and older.
2. People with narcissistic personality disorder have a great sense of self importance. They seek excessive admiration from others and fantasize about unlimited success or power.
3. Studies on film consumers had indicated teenage audience as s a prime market, with the result that Hollywood filmmakers obsessively catered to that market, sometimes at the expense of adult fare.
4. Robinson found many savages on this island. They were seen warring, slaying and eating each other, and sacrificing one another by thousands to their gods.
5. Attempting to make money from the growing legion of both female and male fans of basketball, he started to write love stories with basketball as one of the elements.
6. Being somewhat older than he was, they instilled into him a false idea of their superiority, and it was by this means they retained him in their “set”—a set of wild, dissipated young men.
7. It is perhaps difficult for White South Africans, with an ingrained prejudice against communism, to understand why experienced African politicians so readily accept communists as their friends.
8. While administration officials were kept busy answering the charges, the secretary and chairman hustled back and forth between committees on both sides of the Capitol defending the pace and scope of the defense effort.
9. Thousands of soccer fans stormed the gates of an already overcrowded stadium, minutes before game time. 49 people were killed and 47 injured in the stampede.
10. For a fleeting moment I felt uneasy. Like many Americans making their first trip to an unfamiliar Asian city, I had harbored qualms about just how I might be received.
二，完型填空
Guilt can be a feeling of (1)remorse about an action or situation in which you had some culpability or (2)responsibility. Sometimes we can feel guilty even there is no (3)reason.
Any ideas about what has (4)triggered the guilt? What is of interest in our context is the neurotic sense of guilt which is a form of (5)anxiety mostly connected to repressed, murderous rage. The person feels as if he had (6)committed a moral crime.
Does too much (7)criticism really cause too much guilt? Harsh parenting leads to decreased (8)empathy, guilt, and self control. Children are more likely to (9)develop a sense of morality/ conscience if parents use induction. Guilt means that a person does something that (10)violates their moral code, (11)value system, or their sense of right/ wrong and good/ bad. In other words, once they do something (12)against their duty, people will have the sense of guilt. In the final analysis we judge things by whether they(13) fulfill the purpose for which they were made. It is a (14)generally accepted principle that one cannot condemn something for (15)failing to achieve what it was never (16)intended to achieve. If man is merely a (17)biochemical machine, he cannot be (18)judged on any moral grounds (19)since the behavior of machines is predetermined by their very (20)nature and is in no sense “moral.”
三，翻译
To be happy, a man must feel, firstly, free and, secondly, important. He cannot be really happy if he is compelled by society to do what he does not enjoy doing, or if what he enjoys doing is ignored by society as of no value or importance. A man is a laborer if the job society offers him is of no interest to himself but he is compelled to take it by the necessity of earning a living and supporting his family. A man is a worker if he is personally interested in the job which society pays him to do. Whether a job is to be classified as labor or work depends, not on the job itself,
人们想快乐，首先必须感到自由，其次，必须感到自己重要。假如迫于社会压力做自己不乐意做的事，或者乐于做的事被认为一文不值，毫不重要，得不到社会的承认，那么这样的人是不可能真正快乐的。倘如一个人对社会给与他的差事不感兴趣，干下去只是出于谋生和养家糊口的需要，那么此人就只是个雇佣劳动者。倘如一个人打心眼里对社会掏钱让他干的差事感兴趣，那么他就是一个工作者。一件差事究竟是劳动还是工作并不取决于差事本身，
but on the tastes of the individual who undertakes it.The difference does not coincide with the difference between a manual and a mental job. Which a man is can be seen from his attitude toward leisure. To a worker, leisure means simply the hours he needs to relax and rest in order to work efficiently. He is therefore more likely to take too little leisure than too much. To the laborer, on the other hand, leisure means freedom from compulsion, so that it is natural for him to imagine that the fewer hours he has to spend laboring, and the more hours he is free to play, the better.
而是取决于干这个差事的人的喜好。这种差异并不等同于体力和脑力劳动的区别。从一个人对休闲的态度可以看出他属于哪类人。对工作者而言，休闲不过是放松休息几个小时，为的是工作起来效率更高。所以他可能花很少的时间休息，而不是很多。对劳动者而言恰恰相反，休闲意味着摆脱了羁绊，他总盼着少干多玩，工作时间越短越好，这种想法也在情理之中
1、当真相大白的时候，人们呼吁政府要给英雄正名。(put in a good word for)
People appealed to the government to put in a good word for the real hero after the truth came out.
2、新年到了，山姆意识到是该暂时把工作放到一边，给父母打个电话的时候了。 (occur to)
On the coming of the New Year, it occurred to Sam that he should put aside his work for a while and call his parents.
3、在这个瞬息万变的时代，年轻人常常把个人利益放在首位而将社会责任抛在脑后。(tune out)
In a time of change, young people often put self-interest in the first place and tune out social commitment.
4、政府已经意识到贫富分化可能导致严重的社会问题，并且已采取措施来缩小这种差距。(arise from)
The government has realized that serious social problems may arise from wealth polarization, and measures have been taken to shorten the distance.
5、作为成名的代价，明星们尤其容易受到批评的攻击，因为人们总是对他们期望更高。(be vulnerable to)
As the cost of being famous, stars are particularly vulnerable to criticism, because people always have higher expectations of them.
6、恐怖袭击被成功镇压之后，惊魂未定的人质们被引领着穿过一个秘密通道，来到安全地带。（shepherd）
After the terrorist attack was successfully suppressed, the horrorstricken hostage were shepherded across a secret passage to the safety zone.
7、最终，作者选择反驳谣言，倒不是因为个人受到了冒犯，更多的是因为这给别人造成了伤害。（inflict）
Finally, the author chose to retort the rumor not because of any personal offense, but rather in response to injuries inflicted on others.
8、罪犯向律师解释到，他天生意志薄弱，物质欲望经常会战胜情感，所以才会去偷熟人的东西。（overpower）
The criminal explains to his lawyer that his will is so naturally fragile that his physical needs often overpower his feeling, which leads to the theft of his acquaintance.
9、当她的奶奶，也是这个世界上唯一爱她的人离世时，她心中除了深深的悲伤和遗憾之外，再也没有其它感受。（nothing else but）
When her grandma, the only person who loved her in the world passed away, her heart was filled with nothing but deep sorrow and regret.
Unit2 In the Beginning: God and Science
一，词汇
1. For centuries the area around the southern end of London Bridge, was the entertainment center of London, where the sacred and the profane lived in close proximity.
2. World War I broke out after the assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand, which ignited an already tense territorial feud between Austria-Hungary and Serbia.
3. That night Dr. Leighton concocted a plan to rid himself of this old woman, whom he had every reason to believe was all that stood between him and the consummation of his designs.
4. I pressed the button and the four-hundred-pound door was hoisted into the air and slipped into place with a clang of cold steel, with the terrific reverberations almost deafening us inside.
5. The great many of slaveholders look upon education among the slaves as utterly subversive of the slave system
6. The Mona Lisa, Leonardo da Vinci’s most famous work, is as well known for its mastery of technical innovations as for the enigmatic smile of the subject.
7. His memory soon takes him back to the days of his seventeenth year, at the convergence of youth and manhood in a timeless moment when “feeling was stronger than thought.”
8. On February 18, 1861, Jefferson Davis was sworn in as provisional president of the Confederate States of America. Davis was the first and only president of the Confederacy.
9. If we remain one people, under an efficient government, the period is not far off when we may defy material injury from external annoyance.
10. The skin texture of the noble was so transparent that the blue veins might be seen branching off in various directions. Therefore, they were also called the “Blue Blood”.
二，完型填空
Everything that the human race has done and thought is (1)concerned with the satisfaction of (2)deeply felt needs and the assuagement of pain. One has to keep this constantly in mind if one wishes to understand spiritual (3)movements and their development. Feeling and (4)longing are the motive force behind all human (5)endeavor and human creation, in however exalted a guise the latter may (6)present themselves to us.
Now what are the feelings and needs that have led men to (7)religious thought and belief in the widest sense of the words? A little consideration will (8)suffice to show us that the most (9)varying emotions preside over the birth of religious thought and (10)experience. With (11)primitive man it is above all fear that (12)evokes religious notions—fear of hunger, wild beasts, sickness, death. Since at this (13)stage of existence understanding of causal connections is usually (14)poorly developed, the human mind (15)creates illusory beings more or less analogous to itself on whose wills and actions these fearful happenings (16)depend. Thus one tries to secure the favor of these beings by carrying out actions and offering sacrifices which, according to the tradition (17)handed down from generation to generation, propitiate them or make them well (18)disposed toward a mortal.
In this sense I am speaking of a religion of fear. This, though not created, is in an important (19) degree stabilized by the formation of a special priestly caste which sets itself up as a mediator the people and the beings they fear, and erects a hegemony on this (20) basis .
三，翻译
1) A silicon-chip agnosticism can be shaken by many puzzles besides the creation. Almost as mysterious are the circumstances that led, billions of years ago, to the creation of the first molecule that could reproduce itself. That step made possible the development of all the forms of life that spread over the earth. Why did it occur just then?
硅芯片时代的不可知论可被除了造物之外的许多疑惑所动摇。几乎具有同样神秘色彩的问题是，在几十亿年前，是什么条件产生了第一个能够复制自身的分子。这一步使得遍布地球的所有生命形式的发展成为可能。为什么恰在那时发生呢?
A religious enthusiasm for the apparent convergence of science and theology in the Big Bang cosmology is understandable. Since the Enlightenment, the scriptural versions of creation or of other “events,” like the fall of man or the miracles of Jesus Christ, have suffered the condescension of science; they were regarded as mere myth, superstition. Now the faithful are tempted to believe that science has performed a laborious validation of at least one biblical “myth”: that of creation.
对于科学和神学在大爆炸宇宙学上表面的趋同，宗教界表现出来的热情是可以理解的。自启蒙运动以来，《圣经》所述的创世故事或者其它“事件”，如人之堕落和耶稣基督的奇迹，屡屡遭遇科学的贬抑；它们仅仅被当作神话、迷信而已。现在信徒们不由得要相信科学已经费力地证实了至少一个圣经“神话”：创世说。
So far, popular reaction to NASA’s announcement that its scientists have discovered evidence of life in a meteorite from Mars has been pretty positive. But that may change as the implications sink in. The announcement is the biggest insult to the human species in almost 500 years. This discovery suggests that life is probably a pretty ordinary phenomenon that occurs any place you give it half a chance.
美国国家航空和航天局宣布科学家已经发现来自火星的陨石中有生命的迹象。到目前为止，公众的反向相当积极。不过随着人们进一步领会其深层含义，这种积极的反响可能会改变。来自国家宇航局的这一消息是近500年来对人类的最大的冒犯。这一新发现说明生命很可能是相当普遍的一种现象，只要有点机会在任何地方都可能发生。
Earth isn’t special. The alien life-forms aren’t special either. Instead of highly logical humanoids with pointy ears or other endearing characteristics, they seem to be a lot like simple bacteria. Life on Earth was special because it was the only life we knew. In this case, however, the dogma being shattered is based fundamentally on ignorance. Biology has rested precariously on a single data point-life on Earth.
地球并不特殊。异类的生命形式也不特别。他们不是人们通常合情合理想象的长着尖尖耳朵或其它可爱特点的人形生命，他们很可能更像简单的细菌。地球上的生命之所以特别是因为我们只了解这一种生命形式。那么就这一点来说，现在行将破碎的那类教条根本就是建立在无知的基础上的。生物学的根基非常脆弱，它只是一个数据点，即地球上的生命。
1、我的祖母对电器一无所知，所以她总是对任何一种电器都敬而远之。(stay clear of )
Since my grandma knows nothing about electrical appliance, she always stays clear of any of them with fear.
2、尽管已经被包围了将近一周，战士们发誓绝不将阵地放弃给敌人。(yield to)
Although they have been sieged for almost a week, the soldiers swear never to yield the ground to the enemy.
3、他尴尬地发现他的新老板就是那个他曾常常戏弄的小学同学。(turn out)
He found with embarrassment that his new boss turned out to be his primary school classmate, on whom he used to play trick.
4、当社会责任和个人利益发生冲突的时候，每个人都应该清楚该如何抉择。(clash with)
Everybody should know how to choose when their social responsibility clashes with their personal interest
5、来自世界各地的游客都为这座宫殿所展示出来的美丽与智慧而着迷。(be taken with)
Tourists from all over the world are really taken by the beauty and intelligence shown in this palace.
6、这本书以尖锐的视角展示了中产阶级的非洲裔美国人的国内生活，以及奴隶制与种族歧视的残余影响。(residual)
This book provides a sharp look at the domestic lives of middle-class African Americans and the residual impacts of slavery and racial discrimination.
7、那天早上在亚洲最大的农贸集市上，我看见至少十万人相互推挤着购买牲畜，这个情景令我难忘。(jostle)
That morning in the largest rural market in Asian, I saw at least a hundred thousand people jostled with one another to buy livestock, which is so unforgettable to me.
8、这篇叙述开始还延续着早期小说的轻松的描述语气，但是随着故事的展开，这种语气变得模糊了，只偶尔蹦出一些幽默的字词。(recede)
The narration at first continues the light spoken tone of the earlier novel, but as it develops, this tone recedes, only occasionally bursting forth in humorous words.
9、两派都认为再强硬的枪支法对降低犯罪率也是无能为力的，关键是对人的教育。(concur)
The two groups concurred that even the toughest gun laws would have no effect on crime rate; the key lies in the education of people.
10、没有人能想到，这位伟大作家的坟墓只有一小块木板作标记，上面写着他的名字，字迹几乎被岁月磨掉了。(obliterate)
No one could expect that the great writer’s grave was marketed by a small wooden board, bearing his name, the letters of which were nearly obliterated by time.
Unit5 Escaping to Ireland for Christmas
一，词汇
1，Over the next few weeks, a change came over John. Agreement replaced contrariness , quiet, reasoned discussion replaced argument.
2. We warned our boys not to tangle with that group of tough boys from the other side of town. 我们告诫孩子们不要惹那群野孩子从城市的另一边。
3. There's even more incentive to exercising -- not only will working out make you look and feel better, it will also increase your stamina and level of control. 甚至还有更多的激励——运动不仅使你更好的外观和感觉，它也会增加你的耐力和控制。
4. Without stirring from our firesides we may roam to the most remote regions of the earth, or soar into realms where Spenser's shapes of unearthly Beauty flock to meet us, where Milton's angels peal in our ears the choral hymns of Paradise. 无须离开火炉我们就可以遨游世界上最遥远的地方，或者飞翔在诗人斯宾塞的形状们成群结队地迎接我们，密尔顿的天使在我们的耳边大声地合唱的天国赞美诗。
5. Another problem is that the richness and subtlety of Chinese is often lost or diluted when translated into other languages, even when undertaken by skilful hands.
6. Since the poor begged only in the major thoroughfares and bustling marketplaces and stayed away from the quiet residential areas of the rich. They asked for money only from those on foot, unable to catch up wgith the rich in their sleek cars.
7. Those who conspire with others in advance to commit crimes stipulated are to be handled as accomplices of smuggling, trafficking, transporting, or making drugs
8. In the post-Enron era, where corporate governance has been called into question, their stringent financial standards and reputation as a financial hub can enable them to work with the Chinese companies in their foray into the international market.
9. We must win the people's confidence with tangible achievements in the building of the Party's style and of a clean government.
10. Today I will savor the taste of grapes from these vines and verily I will swallow the seed of success buried in each and new life will sprout within me.
二，完型填空
Though it's never fun to be stuck on a (1)crowded plane, it can be excruciating on long-haul flights like the ones to Europe that so many (2)vacationers are about to take. And with load factors—the percentage of seats filled—expected to reach 90 percent or more on many days this summer, finding space to (3)stretch out is harder than ever.
Flights between the United States and Europe are particularly (4)tight in August, when travelers returning from vacations abroad are also competing with Europeans (5)beginning their holiday trips to the States. And so far, botched car bombings in London and Glasgow don't (6)seem to be deterring travelers to Britain.
Anyone with the (7)cash can pay more to stretch out in business or first class, but most travelers end up in coach, smashed up (8)against a window, bumped by beverage carts in the aisle or worse—in the (9)dreaded middle seat. But even without an upgrade or elite status in a frequent-flier program, it's (10)possible to nab a spot on a plane with plenty of empty seats—if you know what to look for.
To help you find some room in the sky—and avoid that spot in the middle—here's a guide to (11)avoid crowded planes to Europe this summer.
Some of the least-packed planes to (12)popular European destinations are flown by airlines you might not think of. Take Los Angeles to Frankfurt. It's no (13)surprise that the German carrier Lufthansa is one of the most popular airlines on that (14)route .
Last August, 90 percent of its seats were (15)filled , according to Back Aviation Solutions, an industry consulting firm.
But Air India, which flies that (16)same route on its way to New Delhi, was only half full last August.
While it's (17)difficult to predict how full a particular flight will (18)ultimately be this summer, Frederick Roe, regional manager at Back Aviation Solutions, said that taking a look at how full planes were on a (19)given route last summer ''can be indicative'' of what to (20)expect this year.
三，翻译
If I were a tourist, I would plan my vacation trip to fall within the April-May or October-November period. Come in the ''season'' and your chance of cold rain and bitter winds is enhanced. And, oddly enough, the whole state will be overcrowded and overpriced.
如果我是一名游客的话，我会将我的出行计划定在四，五月或者十，十一月期间。要是在“旺季”去的话，你遭受冷雨寒风的机会会更大。而且很奇怪地，全国都会挤得一塌糊涂，收费还高得惊人
I would drive down or fly down probably to Jacksonville and get there early enough in the day so I wouldn't have to overnight there. In fact, I would stay away from the cities, except to fly in and fly back out. I would try to stay away from anything that required me to buy a ticket to go in and see it.
我会开车或坐飞机到达杰克逊维尔，而且在一天之中较早的时间到达，这样我就不必在那过夜了。实际上，我会尽量避开城市，除非是为了转机。我还会尽量避开任何要我买门票去参观的地方
I would rent a car in Jacksonville and, using the most detailed map of the state obtainable, I would head south on State Road 13 which follows the east bank of the St. Johns River. I would take it slow, and look for a fish camp. I'd rent a skiff with a small outboard and putt along the river for an hour or so, looking at the Florida world, exhaling all the tensions of travel.
我会在杰克逊维尔租辆车，借助能找到的最详细的国家地图，朝南走13号国道，顺着圣约翰河东岸而下。我会慢慢地开，寻找垂钓营地。我会租一艘带有突出甲板的小船在河上待上一两个小时，看看弗罗里达世界，解除旅行的压力。
1、与其说成功在于运气不如说是在于辛勤努力。(not so much as)
Success lies not so much as in luck as in hard work.
2、由于美国在地域和人种上存在巨大差异，使得人们往往难以对其民族特性进行概括。(stem from)
Such difficulties for us to classify their national characteristics usually stem from the enormous variety of America and Americans.
3、在新闻发布会上，部长不得不避开记者提出的某些尴尬的问题。（fend off）
The minister has to fend off some awkward questions from reporters at the press conference.
4、作为家里六个孩子中的老四，我总是陷于两头都够不上的中间境遇，很多事情对于我来说不是因为年龄太小，就是太大而不合适。(to be caught in the middle of)
Once again, I was caught in the middle of circumstances. The fourth born of six children, it was not uncommon that I was either too young or too old for something.
5、随着居民生活质量的提高，人们的衣食住用行都有了较大改善。(on the rise)
The quality of life of the residents has been on the rise, with considerable improvement in food, clothing, housing, transport and daily necessities."
6、尽管财力吃紧，该国政府依然决定扶持那些关系国计民生的企业。(prop up)
In spite of the tight budget, the government will still prop up the declining industries that are related to the national economy and people’s livelihood.
7、我们不仅向中国高科技领域的创业者们提供风险投资，并且在投资后提供一系列增值服务和强有力的支持。(an array of)
In addition to providing venture capital, we offer an array of value-added services and in-depth support to entrepreneurs in China's high-tech industries.
8、孩子们之所以能把自己的母语学好，恰恰是因为他们投身于语言的海洋之中，而不单单是读几本教科书而已。(plunge into)
If children are so well able to learn their mother tongue, it is precisely because they plunge themselves into the sea of language instead of reading a few textbooks only.