Task4 论文种类分类
淳于健
任务说明
- 学习主题：论文分类（数据建模任务），利用已有数据建模，对新论文进行类别分类；
- 学习内容：使用论文标题完成类别分类；
- 学习成果：学会文本分类的基本方法、
TF-IDF等；
数据处理步骤
在原始arxiv论文中论文都有对应的类别，而论文类别是作者填写的。在本次任务中我们可以借助论文的标题和摘要完成：
- 对论文标题和摘要进行处理；
- 对论文类别进行处理；
- 构建文本分类模型；
文本分类思路
- 思路1：TF-IDF+机器学习分类器
直接使用TF-IDF对文本提取特征，使用分类器进行分类，分类器的选择上可以使用SVM、LR、XGboost等
- 思路2：FastText
FastText是入门款的词向量，利用Facebook提供的FastText工具，可以快速构建分类器
- 思路3：WordVec+深度学习分类器
WordVec是进阶款的词向量，并通过构建深度学习分类完成分类。深度学习分类的网络结构可以选择TextCNN、TextRnn或者BiLSTM。
- 思路4：Bert词向量
Bert是高配款的词向量，具有强大的建模学习能力。
具体代码实现以及讲解
为了方便大家入门文本分类，我们选择思路1和思路2给大家讲解。首先完成字段读取：
# 导入所需的package
import seaborn as sns #用于画图
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup #用于爬取arxiv的数据
import re #用于正则表达式，匹配字符串的模式
import requests #用于网络连接，发送网络请求，使用域名获取对应信息
import json #读取数据，我们的数据为json格式的
import pandas as pd #数据处理，数据分析
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt #画图工具
def readArxivFile(path, columns=['id', 'submitter', 'authors', 'title', 'comments', 'journal-ref', 'doi',
'report-no', 'categories', 'license', 'abstract', 'versions',
'update_date', 'authors_parsed'], count=None):
'''
定义读取文件的函数
path: 文件路径
columns: 需要选择的列
count: 读取行数
'''
data = []
with open(path, 'r') as f:
for idx, line in enumerate(f):
if idx == count:
break
d = json.loads(line)
d = {col : d[col] for col in columns}
data.append(d)
data = pd.DataFrame(data)
return data
data = readArxivFile('./data/arxiv-metadata-oai-2019.json',
['id', 'title', 'categories', 'abstract'],
200000)
data.head()
| id | title | categories | abstract | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 0704.0297 | Remnant evolution after a carbon-oxygen white ... | astro-ph | We systematically explore the evolution of t... |
| 1 | 0704.0342 | Cofibrations in the Category of Frolicher Spac... | math.AT | Cofibrations are defined in the category of ... |
| 2 | 0704.0360 | Torsional oscillations of longitudinally inhom... | astro-ph | We explore the effect of an inhomogeneous ma... |
| 3 | 0704.0525 | On the Energy-Momentum Problem in Static Einst... | gr-qc | This paper has been removed by arXiv adminis... |
| 4 | 0704.0535 | The Formation of Globular Cluster Systems in M... | astro-ph | The most massive elliptical galaxies show a ... |
为了方便数据的处理，我们可以将标题和摘要拼接一起完成分类。
- 英文text的处理流程
- 去掉非英文的标点–当然也depend on英文书写格式 eg: 标准版–i like apple, what about you(标点后面会跟着空格) don’t直接删除标点
- 变小写
- trim 左右两边的whitespace
- 用空格分词: split(’ ')–>string变成单个单词str组成的list
- 去停用词
- stemming
- lemmatization
- （optional）将list中的string，用’ '.join重新组合成string
# 这里是分解
data['text'] = data['title'] + data['abstract']
data.text[0] # 里面有很多换行符\n 要替换
'Remnant evolution after a carbon-oxygen white dwarf merger We systematically explore the evolution of the merger of two carbon-oxygen\n(CO) white dwarfs. The dynamical evolution of a 0.9 Msun + 0.6 Msun CO white\ndwarf merger is followed by a three-dimensional SPH simulation. We use an\nelaborate prescription in which artificial viscosity is essentially absent,\nunless a shock is detected, and a much larger number of SPH particles than\nearlier calculations. Based on this simulation, we suggest that the central\nregion of the merger remnant can, once it has reached quasi-static equilibrium,\nbe approximated as a differentially rotating CO star, which consists of a\nslowly rotating cold core and a rapidly rotating hot envelope surrounded by a\ncentrifugally supported disc. We construct a model of the CO remnant that\nmimics the results of the SPH simulation using a one-dimensional hydrodynamic\nstellar evolution code and then follow its secular evolution. The stellar\nevolution models indicate that the growth of the cold core is controlled by\nneutrino cooling at the interface between the core and the hot envelope, and\nthat carbon ignition in the envelope can be avoided despite high effective\naccretion rates. This result suggests that the assumption of forced accretion\nof cold matter that was adopted in previous studies of the evolution of double\nCO white dwarf merger remnants may not be appropriate. Our results imply that\nat least some products of double CO white dwarfs merger may be considered good\ncandidates for the progenitors of Type Ia supernovae. In this case, the\ncharacteristic time delay between the initial dynamical merger and the eventual\nexplosion would be ~10^5 yr. (Abridged).\n'
data['text'] = data['text'].apply(lambda x: x.replace('\n',' ')) # 对于text这一列的每个值（string）--x：把\n换行符替换成空格str' '
data.text[0]
'Remnant evolution after a carbon-oxygen white dwarf merger We systematically explore the evolution of the merger of two carbon-oxygen (CO) white dwarfs. The dynamical evolution of a 0.9 Msun + 0.6 Msun CO white dwarf merger is followed by a three-dimensional SPH simulation. We use an elaborate prescription in which artificial viscosity is essentially absent, unless a shock is detected, and a much larger number of SPH particles than earlier calculations. Based on this simulation, we suggest that the central region of the merger remnant can, once it has reached quasi-static equilibrium, be approximated as a differentially rotating CO star, which consists of a slowly rotating cold core and a rapidly rotating hot envelope surrounded by a centrifugally supported disc. We construct a model of the CO remnant that mimics the results of the SPH simulation using a one-dimensional hydrodynamic stellar evolution code and then follow its secular evolution. The stellar evolution models indicate that the growth of the cold core is controlled by neutrino cooling at the interface between the core and the hot envelope, and that carbon ignition in the envelope can be avoided despite high effective accretion rates. This result suggests that the assumption of forced accretion of cold matter that was adopted in previous studies of the evolution of double CO white dwarf merger remnants may not be appropriate. Our results imply that at least some products of double CO white dwarfs merger may be considered good candidates for the progenitors of Type Ia supernovae. In this case, the characteristic time delay between the initial dynamical merger and the eventual explosion would be ~10^5 yr. (Abridged). '
data['text'] = data['text'].apply(lambda x: x.lower()) #变小写
data = data.drop(['abstract', 'title'], axis=1)
data.text[0]
'remnant evolution after a carbon-oxygen white dwarf merger we systematically explore the evolution of the merger of two carbon-oxygen (co) white dwarfs. the dynamical evolution of a 0.9 msun + 0.6 msun co white dwarf merger is followed by a three-dimensional sph simulation. we use an elaborate prescription in which artificial viscosity is essentially absent, unless a shock is detected, and a much larger number of sph particles than earlier calculations. based on this simulation, we suggest that the central region of the merger remnant can, once it has reached quasi-static equilibrium, be approximated as a differentially rotating co star, which consists of a slowly rotating cold core and a rapidly rotating hot envelope surrounded by a centrifugally supported disc. we construct a model of the co remnant that mimics the results of the sph simulation using a one-dimensional hydrodynamic stellar evolution code and then follow its secular evolution. the stellar evolution models indicate that the growth of the cold core is controlled by neutrino cooling at the interface between the core and the hot envelope, and that carbon ignition in the envelope can be avoided despite high effective accretion rates. this result suggests that the assumption of forced accretion of cold matter that was adopted in previous studies of the evolution of double co white dwarf merger remnants may not be appropriate. our results imply that at least some products of double co white dwarfs merger may be considered good candidates for the progenitors of type ia supernovae. in this case, the characteristic time delay between the initial dynamical merger and the eventual explosion would be ~10^5 yr. (abridged). '
# 这个是整体
data['text'] = data['text'].apply(lambda x: x.replace('\n',' '))
data['text'] = data['title'] + data['abstract']
data['text'] = data['text'].apply(lambda x: x.lower()) #变小写
data = data.drop(['abstract', 'title'], axis=1)
data.head()
| id | categories | text | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 0704.0297 | astro-ph | remnant evolution after a carbon-oxygen white ... |
| 1 | 0704.0342 | math.AT | cofibrations in the category of frolicher spac... |
| 2 | 0704.0360 | astro-ph | torsional oscillations of longitudinally inhom... |
| 3 | 0704.0525 | gr-qc | on the energy-momentum problem in static einst... |
| 4 | 0704.0535 | astro-ph | the formation of globular cluster systems in m... |
由于原始论文有可能有多个类别，所以也需要处理：
# 整体
# 多个类别，包含子分类
data['categories'] = data['categories'].apply(lambda x : x.split(' '))
# 单个类别，不包含子分类
data['categories_big'] = data['categories'].apply(lambda x : [xx.split('.')[0] for xx in x]) # 目标：抽取出每个类别的string（主类别），放到最外层大的列表中
# 分解
data.categories = data.categories.apply(lambda x:str(x).split(" "))
data.categories.head(10)
0 [astro-ph]
1 [math.AT]
2 [astro-ph]
3 [gr-qc]
4 [astro-ph]
5 [nucl-ex]
6 [quant-ph]
7 [math.DG]
8 [hep-ex]
9 [astro-ph]
Name: categories, dtype: object
# condition1：
# categories只有一个分类，但格式：主类别.子类别-->要用split('.')得到[主类别,子类别]-->再用[0]取出主类别
data.categories[7][0] # [7]得到的list是这一列的一个元素--lambda函数里的参数x；
'math.DG'
data.categories[7][0].split(".")[0]
'math'
# condition2:
# categories只有一个分类，且没有主子类别之分
data.categories[9][0].split('.') # 如果这个string里面没有.-->split之后的结果又变回list且只有一个分类str-->所以需要再用[0]取出str，之后放到大的列表生成式中
['astro-ph']
data.categories[9][0].split('.')[0]
'astro-ph'
data.categories[170616]
['solv-int', 'adap-org', 'hep-th', 'nlin.AO', 'nlin.SI']
# condition3：
# categories有多个类别
[xx.split(".")[0] for xx in data.categories[170616]] # xx是这个iterable中的每个类别str--可能有主子类别之分
['solv-int', 'adap-org', 'hep-th', 'nlin', 'nlin']
data.categories.apply(lambda x : [xx.split(".")[0] for xx in x])
# eg x:['solv-int', 'adap-org', 'hep-th', 'nlin.AO', 'nlin.SI']
# xx：'solv-int'，'nlin.SI' etc--用. 进行split-->['nlin', 'SI']-->只提取主要类别[0]：str-->放到最外面的列表生成式中
0 [astro-ph]
1 [math]
2 [astro-ph]
3 [gr-qc]
4 [astro-ph]
...
170613 [quant-ph]
170614 [solv-int, nlin]
170615 [solv-int, nlin]
170616 [solv-int, adap-org, hep-th, nlin, nlin]
170617 [solv-int, nlin]
Name: categories, Length: 170618, dtype: object
data.categories_big = data.categories.apply(lambda x : [xx.split(".")[0] for xx in x])
data.categories_big.tail(10)
170608 [quant-ph, cs]
170609 [quant-ph]
170610 [quant-ph]
170611 [quant-ph]
170612 [quant-ph]
170613 [quant-ph]
170614 [solv-int, nlin]
170615 [solv-int, nlin]
170616 [solv-int, adap-org, hep-th, nlin, nlin]
170617 [solv-int, nlin]
Name: categories_big, dtype: object
然后将类别进行编码，这里类别是多个，所以需要多编码：
from sklearn.preprocessing import MultiLabelBinarizer
mlb = MultiLabelBinarizer()
data_label = mlb.fit_transform(data['categories_big'])
MultiLabelBinarizer
Transform between iterable of iterables and a multilabel format
input: 一定要是list of tuples/list of sets集合/list of lists的形式–>绝对不能是list的形式
初始化的时候可以传入参数classes
- 表示想要的顺序：an ordering for the class labels
- array-like of shape [n_classes] (optional) All entries should be unique (cannot contain duplicate classes).
Although a list of sets or tuples is a very intuitive format for multilabel
data, it is unwieldy to process. This transformer converts between this
intuitive format and the supported multilabel format: a (samples x classes)
binary matrix indicating the presence of a class label.
Attributes
classes_ : array of labels
A copy of the `classes` parameter where provided,
or otherwise, the sorted set of classes found when fitting.
mlb.fit_transform([(1, 2), (3,)]) # 这里传入的input是list of tuples
array([[1, 1, 0],
[0, 0, 1]])
mlb.classes_ # 和 unique_cate是一样的 论文所有unique的类别
array(['acc-phys', 'adap-org', 'alg-geom', 'astro-ph', 'chao-dyn',
'chem-ph', 'cmp-lg', 'comp-gas', 'cond-mat', 'cs', 'dg-ga', 'econ',
'eess', 'funct-an', 'gr-qc', 'hep-ex', 'hep-lat', 'hep-ph',
'hep-th', 'math', 'math-ph', 'mtrl-th', 'nlin', 'nucl-ex',
'nucl-th', 'patt-sol', 'physics', 'q-alg', 'q-bio', 'q-fin',
'quant-ph', 'solv-int', 'stat', 'supr-con'], dtype=object)
len(mlb.classes_) # y变成了34列的vector
34
data_label[:5,:] # 提取出MultiLabelBinarizer之后结果的前五个数据 VS 原数据的y值
array([[0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0,
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]])
np.where(data_label[0]==1)
(array([3]),)
np.where(data_label[0]==1)[0][0]
3
[np.where(l == 1)[0][0] for l in data_label[:5]] # 找出二维array的每个list中1出现的索引值
[3, 19, 3, 14, 3]
mlb.classes_[19]
'math'
data.categories_big.head() # 第二个数据的y确实是math
0 [astro-ph]
1 [math]
2 [astro-ph]
3 [gr-qc]
4 [astro-ph]
Name: categories_big, dtype: object
print(data_label,data_label.shape) # 170618行数据，y经过0/1编码之后是34列的vector
[[0 0 0 ... 0 0 0]
[0 0 0 ... 0 0 0]
[0 0 0 ... 0 0 0]
...
[0 0 0 ... 1 0 0]
[0 1 0 ... 1 0 0]
[0 0 0 ... 1 0 0]] (170618, 34)
VS preprocessing.OneHotEncoder独热编码 & pd.get_dummies哑变量
- 不适用于multilabel的情况–i.e 同一变量的不同类别之间不是mutually exclusive，样本在这个变量上可以取到多个类别的值 i.e 论文的类别可以是多个
- 如果是multilabel：只能用list的形式表示–>[类别1,类别2]–>这一列是array of list of string
- OneHotEncoder&dummies：input必须是array-like of integers or strings；不能是array-like of lists
- 且对于每个数据，在这个变量上only one of k categories can be 1
另外一种MultiLabelBinarizer的方式–用文档词矩阵（dtm）转换的方式
data["categories_string"] = data.categories_big.apply(lambda x:" ".join(x))
data["categories_string"].tail(10) # # 变成每篇论文的所有类别都在一个string中
170608 quant-ph cs
170609 quant-ph
170610 quant-ph
170611 quant-ph
170612 quant-ph
170613 quant-ph
170614 solv-int nlin
170615 solv-int nlin
170616 solv-int adap-org hep-th nlin nlin
170617 solv-int nlin
Name: categories_string, dtype: object
from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import CountVectorizer
vectorizer = CountVectorizer(token_pattern=r'(?u)\b[\w-]+\b',binary = True)
vec = vectorizer.fit_transform(data['categories_string'])
vec.toarray()
array([[0, 0, 0, ..., 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, ..., 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, ..., 0, 0, 0],
...,
[0, 0, 0, ..., 1, 0, 0],
[0, 1, 0, ..., 1, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, ..., 1, 0, 0]])
print(vectorizer.get_feature_names(),len(vectorizer.get_feature_names())) # 也是34个类别
['acc-phys', 'adap-org', 'alg-geom', 'astro-ph', 'chao-dyn', 'chem-ph', 'cmp-lg', 'comp-gas', 'cond-mat', 'cs', 'dg-ga', 'econ', 'eess', 'funct-an', 'gr-qc', 'hep-ex', 'hep-lat', 'hep-ph', 'hep-th', 'math', 'math-ph', 'mtrl-th', 'nlin', 'nucl-ex', 'nucl-th', 'patt-sol', 'physics', 'q-alg', 'q-bio', 'q-fin', 'quant-ph', 'solv-int', 'stat', 'supr-con'] 34
np.sum(~vec.toarray() == data_label) # 两种binarizer（dtm&MultiLabelBinarizer）的结果是一样的
0
思路1
思路1使用TFIDF提取特征，限制最多4000个单词：
data['text'].iloc[:] # 取出一列text，后面的iloc有和没有是一样的
0 remnant evolution after a carbon-oxygen white ...
1 cofibrations in the category of frolicher spac...
2 torsional oscillations of longitudinally inhom...
3 on the energy-momentum problem in static einst...
4 the formation of globular cluster systems in m...
...
170613 enhancement of magneto-optic effects via large...
170614 explicit and exact solutions to a kolmogorov-p...
170615 linear r-matrix algebra for a hierarchy of one...
170616 pfaff tau-functions consider the evolution $$...
170617 the general solution of the complex monge-amp\...
Name: text, Length: 170618, dtype: object
from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import TfidfVectorizer
vectorizer = TfidfVectorizer(max_features=4000)
data_tfidf = vectorizer.fit_transform(data['text'].iloc[:])
由于这里是多标签分类，可以使用sklearn的多标签分类进行封装：
# 划分训练集和验证集
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
x_train, x_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(data_tfidf, data_label,
test_size = 0.2,random_state = 1)
# 构建多标签分类模型
from sklearn.multioutput import MultiOutputClassifier
from sklearn.naive_bayes import MultinomialNB
clf = MultiOutputClassifier(MultinomialNB()).fit(x_train, y_train)
from sklearn.metrics import classification_report
print(classification_report(y_test, clf.predict(x_test))) # y_true, y_predict
# multilabel的y用独热编码之后：变成了34列的vector
# 每一列都有precision/recall/f1 score
# 但此时好像就没有precison&recall之间的tradeoff的问题了
precision recall f1-score support
0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0
1 0.00 0.00 0.00 1
2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0
3 0.91 0.85 0.88 3625
4 0.00 0.00 0.00 4
5 0.00 0.00 0.00 0
6 0.00 0.00 0.00 1
7 0.00 0.00 0.00 0
8 0.77 0.76 0.77 3801
9 0.84 0.89 0.86 10715
10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0
11 0.00 0.00 0.00 186
12 0.44 0.41 0.42 1621
13 0.00 0.00 0.00 1
14 0.75 0.59 0.66 1096
15 0.61 0.80 0.69 1078
16 0.90 0.19 0.32 242
17 0.53 0.67 0.59 1451
18 0.71 0.54 0.62 1400
19 0.88 0.84 0.86 10243
20 0.40 0.09 0.15 934
21 0.00 0.00 0.00 1
22 0.87 0.03 0.06 414
23 0.48 0.65 0.55 517
24 0.37 0.33 0.35 539
25 0.00 0.00 0.00 1
26 0.60 0.42 0.49 3891
27 0.00 0.00 0.00 0
28 0.82 0.08 0.15 676
29 0.86 0.12 0.21 297
30 0.80 0.40 0.53 1714
31 0.00 0.00 0.00 4
32 0.56 0.65 0.60 3398
33 0.00 0.00 0.00 0
micro avg 0.76 0.70 0.72 47851
macro avg 0.39 0.27 0.29 47851
weighted avg 0.75 0.70 0.71 47851
samples avg 0.74 0.76 0.72 47851
思路2
思路2使用深度学习模型，单词进行词嵌入然后训练。将数据集处理进行编码，并进行截断：
data['text'].iloc[:100000]
0 remnant evolution after a carbon-oxygen white ...
1 cofibrations in the category of frolicher spac...
2 torsional oscillations of longitudinally inhom...
3 on the energy-momentum problem in static einst...
4 the formation of globular cluster systems in m...
...
99995 near optimal jointly private packing algorithm...
99996 of commutators and jacobians i discuss the pr...
99997 on two conjectures about the sum of element or...
99998 dynamic predictions of kidney graft survival i...
99999 frequency domain model of $f$-mode dynamic tid...
Name: text, Length: 100000, dtype: object
# parameter
max_features= 500
max_len= 150
embed_size=100
batch_size = 128
epochs = 5
from keras.preprocessing.text import Tokenizer
from keras.preprocessing import sequence
tokens = Tokenizer(num_words = max_features)
tokens.fit_on_texts(list(data['text'].iloc[:100000]))
y_train = data_label[:100000]
x_sub_train = tokens.texts_to_sequences(data['text'].iloc[:100000])
x_sub_train = sequence.pad_sequences(x_sub_train, maxlen=max_len)
Using TensorFlow backend.
定义模型并完成训练：
# LSTM model
# Keras Layers:
from keras.layers import Dense,Input,LSTM,Bidirectional,Activation,Conv1D,GRU
from keras.layers import Dropout,Embedding,GlobalMaxPooling1D, MaxPooling1D, Add, Flatten
from keras.layers import GlobalAveragePooling1D, GlobalMaxPooling1D, concatenate, SpatialDropout1D# Keras Callback Functions:
from keras.callbacks import Callback
from keras.callbacks import EarlyStopping,ModelCheckpoint
from keras import initializers, regularizers, constraints, optimizers, layers, callbacks
from keras.models import Model
from keras.optimizers import Adam
sequence_input = Input(shape=(max_len, ))
x = Embedding(max_features, embed_size, trainable=True)(sequence_input)
x = SpatialDropout1D(0.2)(x)
x = Bidirectional(GRU(128, return_sequences=True,dropout=0.1,recurrent_dropout=0.1))(x)
x = Conv1D(64, kernel_size = 3, padding = "valid", kernel_initializer = "glorot_uniform")(x)
avg_pool = GlobalAveragePooling1D()(x)
max_pool = GlobalMaxPooling1D()(x)
x = concatenate([avg_pool, max_pool])
preds = Dense(34, activation="sigmoid")(x)
model = Model(sequence_input, preds)
model.compile(loss='binary_crossentropy',optimizer=Adam(lr=1e-3),metrics=['accuracy'])
model.fit(x_sub_train, y_train,
batch_size=batch_size,
validation_split=0.2,
epochs=epochs)
/root/miniconda3/envs/myconda/lib/python3.7/site-packages/tensorflow_core/python/framework/indexed_slices.py:424: UserWarning: Converting sparse IndexedSlices to a dense Tensor of unknown shape. This may consume a large amount of memory.
"Converting sparse IndexedSlices to a dense Tensor of unknown shape. "
Train on 80000 samples, validate on 20000 samples
Epoch 1/5
80000/80000 [==============================] - 225s 3ms/step - loss: 0.1064 - accuracy: 0.9665 - val_loss: 0.0734 - val_accuracy: 0.9743
Epoch 2/5
80000/80000 [==============================] - 221s 3ms/step - loss: 0.0724 - accuracy: 0.9741 - val_loss: 0.0689 - val_accuracy: 0.9749
Epoch 3/5
80000/80000 [==============================] - 221s 3ms/step - loss: 0.0677 - accuracy: 0.9755 - val_loss: 0.0659 - val_accuracy: 0.9760
Epoch 4/5
80000/80000 [==============================] - 222s 3ms/step - loss: 0.0664 - accuracy: 0.9761 - val_loss: 0.0637 - val_accuracy: 0.9772
Epoch 5/5
80000/80000 [==============================] - 221s 3ms/step - loss: 0.0630 - accuracy: 0.9770 - val_loss: 0.0629 - val_accuracy: 0.9773
<keras.callbacks.callbacks.History at 0x7f5e203d4e10>
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