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linux_python:安装pip/warning/pip检查/提示找不到pip安装的包/将python包安装路径加入到系统变量(linux PATH)

卞博简
2023-12-01

linux_supplement of man(manpages)/获取linux命令用法示例的若干辅助命令行工具/网站/linux_python/pip检查

  • bropages

    DESCRIPTION:

    Highly readable supplement to man pages.

    Shows simple, concise examples for commands.

references

安装pip

检查本机器pip安装情况:

  • apropos pip|grep ^pip
apropos pip|grep ^pip
pip (1)              - A tool for installing and managing Python packages
pip3 (1)             - A tool for installing and managing Python packages
pipe (2)             - create pipe
pipe (7)             - overview of pipes and FIFOs
pipe2 (2)            - create pipe
  • whereis pip3
# cxxu @ CxxuWin10 in /mnt/d/repos/Typora/themes on git:main x [10:31:00]
$ whereis pip3
pip3: /usr/bin/pip3 /usr/share/man/man1/pip3.1.gz

检查pip3/python 可执行文件对应关系/别名

  • type pip3 pip py python3 python
┌─[cxxu@cxxuAli] - [~/.local/lib/python3.8/site-packages] - [2022-04-11 02:31:18]
└─[0] <> type pip3 pip py python3 python
pip3 is /usr/bin/pip3
pip is an alias for sudo py -m pip
py is /usr/bin/py
python3 is /usr/bin/python3
python is /usr/bin/python

检查pip版本

  • pip[3] -V(大写的V选项)
┌─[cxxu@cxxuAli] - [~/.local/lib/python3.8/site-packages] - [2022-04-11 02:33:01]
└─[0] <> pip3 -V
pip 9.0.1 from /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages (python 3.6)
┌─[cxxu@cxxuAli] - [~/.local/lib/python3.8/site-packages] - [2022-04-11 02:33:07]
└─[0] <> pip -V
pip 9.0.1 from /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages (python 3.8)

  • type pip3

  • sudo pip3 install cheat

  • 版本检查:cheat -v

  • 获取帮助cheat -h

pip/python软连接检查

  • type/whereis 可以用以查找python/pip路径
  • ls -l 可以用来检查找到的路径是否为某个link
#( 04/11/22@ 3:30PM )( cxxu@cxxuAli ):~
   type python
python is /usr/bin/python
#( 04/11/22@ 3:30PM )( cxxu@cxxuAli ):~
   ls -l /usr/bin/python
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 9 Apr  5 17:52 /usr/bin/python -> python3.8
#( 04/11/22@ 3:31PM )( cxxu@cxxuAli ):~
   cd /usr/bin
#( 04/11/22@ 3:31PM )( cxxu@cxxuAli ):/usr/bin
   ls -l python
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 9 Apr  5 17:52 python -> python3.8
#( 04/11/22@ 3:31PM )( cxxu@cxxuAli ):/usr/bin
   ls -l py
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 9 Apr  5 16:18 py -> python3.8
#( 04/11/22@ 3:31PM )( cxxu@cxxuAli ):/usr/bin
   ls -l python3
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 9 Feb  8 14:51 python3 -> python3.6

更新pip版本

  • 根据上述查看方式,选择合适的python版,执行py -m pip install --upgrade pip进行安装(py可以自行指定已安装的python版本)

更换安装来源(对于较新版本的pip)

  • 较新版本支持 pip config
    • 譬如更换为阿里源
    • pip config set global.index-url https://mirrors.aliyun.com/pypi/simple/

pip问题排除

  • 某些情况下,pip会将包安装到site-package(例如 /home/cxxu/.local/lib/python3.8/site-packages/usr/share/)中,这样即使成功安装,shell也无法直接运行

  • linux 自带的python 调用的pip 安装应该没有找不到的问题

    • ┌─[cxxu@cxxuAli] - [/usr/local/bin] - [2022-04-11 03:44:19]
└─[0] <> python3 -m pip -V
pip 9.0.1 from /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages (python 3.6)

  • 如果type cheat无法找到cheat,则借助以下命令来查找

    • updatedb
    • locate cheat

  • 根据情况来选择是否配置永久别名或者加入环境变量(但这不是推荐的方法)

自带的python pip 和自己安装的python pip的对比

  • 在下载包的时候,两者的行为默认不同
    • 下方的python3.6是系统自带
    • python3.8是我自己用sudo apt install python3.8 安装的
  • 因此,分别使用这两个python调用pip安装就发现安装目录不同
┌─[cxxu@cxxuAli] - [~] - [2022-04-11 06:57:02]
└─[0] <> locate manly
/home/cxxu/.local/bin/manly
/home/cxxu/.local/lib/python3.8/site-packages/manly-0.4.1.dist-info
/home/cxxu/.local/lib/python3.8/site-packages/manly.py
/home/cxxu/.local/lib/python3.8/site-packages/__pycache__/manly.cpython-38.pyc
/home/cxxu/.local/lib/python3.8/site-packages/manly-0.4.1.dist-info/INSTALLER
/home/cxxu/.local/lib/python3.8/site-packages/manly-0.4.1.dist-info/LICENSE
/home/cxxu/.local/lib/python3.8/site-packages/manly-0.4.1.dist-info/METADATA
/home/cxxu/.local/lib/python3.8/site-packages/manly-0.4.1.dist-info/RECORD
/home/cxxu/.local/lib/python3.8/site-packages/manly-0.4.1.dist-info/WHEEL
/home/cxxu/.local/lib/python3.8/site-packages/manly-0.4.1.dist-info/entry_points.txt
/usr/local/bin/manly
/usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages/manly-0.4.1.dist-info
/usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages/manly.py
/usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages/__pycache__/manly.cpython-36.pyc
/usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages/manly-0.4.1.dist-info/INSTALLER
/usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages/manly-0.4.1.dist-info/LICENSE
/usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages/manly-0.4.1.dist-info/METADATA
/usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages/manly-0.4.1.dist-info/RECORD
/usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages/manly-0.4.1.dist-info/WHEEL
/usr/local/lib/python3.6/dist-packages/manly-0.4.1.dist-info/entry_points.txt

环境变量法

  • case1:使用非系统自带的python(自己安装的python版本)

    • 安装的目录/home/usrName/.local/... 在默认情况下是系统找不到里面的包

    • 所以将其添加到PATH

      • export PATH="$HOME/.local/bin":$PATH(建议使用双引号,单引号效果不同,无法解释$HOME)

        • # cxxu @ CxxuWin10 in /mnt/d/repos/Typora/themes on git:main x [10:33:23] C:1
$ export PATH="$HOME/.local/bin":$PATH

# cxxu @ CxxuWin10 in /mnt/d/repos/Typora/themes on git:main x [10:34:14]
$ whereis manly
manly: /home/cxxu/.local/bin/manly

      • 建议配置成永久有效,写入/etc/profile或者简单的.bashrc中,放置失效

  • 安装某个python包的时候要找一个可靠的源(譬如清华源)

##  将相关路径(形如上述)的格式键入到系统变量(PATH)中后,安装一个python包体验一下(我用-i指定清华源加速安装)
# cxxu_kali @ CxxuWin11 in /mnt/c/Users/cxxu on git:main x [20:54:42]
$ python3 -m pip install manly -i https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple
Defaulting to user installation because normal site-packages is not writeable
Looking in indexes: https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple
Collecting manly
  Downloading https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/packages/88/ca/3a214a7b2f4a4590205d6489663f90fbbd7862a9ef1f7d8229be6033ef10/manly-0.4.1-py2.py3-none-any.whl (8.8 kB)
Installing collected packages: manly
Successfully installed manly-0.4.1


##  尝试直接使用被安装的python包

# cxxu_kali @ CxxuWin11 in /mnt/c/Users/cxxu on git:main x [20:54:59]
$ manly ls -la

ls - list directory contents
============================

      -a, --all
              do not ignore entries starting with .

      -l     use a long listing format

  • 检查一下这个被安装的包所在路径

    • # cxxu_kali @ CxxuWin11 in /mnt/c/Users/cxxu on git:main x [20:55:05]
$ type cheat
cheat is /home/cxxu_kali/.local/bin/cheat

###

# cxxu_kali @ CxxuWin11 in /mnt/c/Users/cxxu on git:main x [21:02:06]
$ python3 -m site
sys.path = [
    '/mnt/c/Users/cxxu',
    '/usr/lib/python39.zip',
    '/usr/lib/python3.9',
    '/usr/lib/python3.9/lib-dynload',
    '/home/cxxu_kali/.local/lib/python3.9/site-packages',
    '/usr/local/lib/python3.9/dist-packages',
    '/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages',
]
USER_BASE: '/home/cxxu_kali/.local' (exists)
USER_SITE: '/home/cxxu_kali/.local/lib/python3.9/site-packages' (exists)
ENABLE_USER_SITE: True

sudo -H (强改,不推荐)

refenrences

  • python - How do I install a pip package globally instead of locally? - Stack Overflow

  • sudo -H py -m pip install cheat

    • 为了得到预期的效果,您需要做一系列的准备/清理工作

    • pip uninstall cheat(根据您安装的时候,pip可能需要写完整:python -m pip uninstall cheat

    • type cheat

      • 找到相关目录文件并删除

    • whereis cheat

      • 找到相关目录并删除
    • ┌─[cxxu@cxxuAli] - [~] - [2022-04-11 06:33:59]
└─[0] <> sudo -H py -m pip install cheat
Collecting cheat
Requirement already satisfied: docopt>=0.6.1 in /usr/local/lib/python3.8/dist-packages (from cheat)
Requirement already satisfied: pygments>=1.6.0 in /usr/local/lib/python3.8/dist-packages (from cheat)
Requirement already satisfied: termcolor>=1.1.0 in /usr/local/lib/python3.8/dist-packages (from cheat)
Installing collected packages: cheat
Successfully installed cheat-2.5.1
      • 可见,包被安装到了/user/local/lib/..下面
      • 注意,安装的时候可能有Waring 目录的权限问题/提示root用户安装可能破坏目录结构

  • 确保pip3安装且可用(sudo apt install python3-pip )

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