什么是Podman?
Podman 是一个开源的容器运行时项目,可在大多数 Linux 平台上使用。Podman 提供与 Docker 非常相似的功能。正如前面提到的那样,它不需要在你的系统上运行任何守护进程,并且它也可以在没有 root 权限的情况下运行。
Podman 可以管理和运行任何符合 OCI(Open Container Initiative)规范的容器和容器镜像。Podman 提供了一个与 Docker 兼容的命令行前端来管理 Docker 镜像。
Podman 官网地址:https://podman.io/
Podman和Docker的主要区别是什么?
dockers在实现CRI的时候,它需要一个守护进程,其次需要以root运行,因此这也带来了安全隐患。
podman不需要守护程序,也不需要root用户运行,从逻辑架构上,比docker更加合理。
在docker的运行体系中,需要多个daemon才能调用到OCI的实现RunC。
在容器管理的链路中,Docker Engine的实现就是dockerd
daemon,它在linux中需要以root运行,dockerd调用containerd,containerd调用containerd-shim,然后才能调用runC。顾名思义shim起的作用也就是“垫片”,避免父进程退出影响容器的运行
podman直接调用OCI,runtime(runC),通过common作为容器进程的管理工具,但不需要dockerd这种以root身份运行的守护进程。
在podman体系中,有个称之为common的守护进程,其运行路径通常是/usr/libexec/podman/conmon,它是各个容器进程的父进程,每个容器各有一个,common的父则通常是1号进程。podman中的common其实相当于docker体系中的containerd-shim。
Podman的使用与docker有什么区别?
podman的定位也是与docker兼容,因此在使用上面尽量靠近docker。在使用方面,可以分成两个方面来说,一是系统构建者的角度,二是使用者的角度。
在系统构建者方面,用podman的默认软件,与docker的区别不大,只是在进程模型、进程关系方面有所区别。如果习惯了docker几个关联进程的调试方法,在podman中则需要适应。可以通过pstree命令查看进程的树状结构。总体来看,podman比docker要简单。由于podman比docker少了一层daemon,因此重启的机制也就不同了。
在使用者方面,podman与docker的命令基本兼容,都包括容器运行时(run/start/kill/ps/inspect),本地镜像(images/rmi/build)、镜像仓库(login/pull/push)等几个方面。因此podman的命令行工具与docker类似,比如构建镜像、启停容器等。甚至可以通过alias
docker=podman可以进行替换。因此,即便使用了podman,仍然可以使用http://docker.io作为镜像仓库,这也是兼容性最关键的部分。
安装podman
配置本地源
[root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/cdrom /mnt/ //挂载
mount: /mnt: WARNING: device write-protected, mounted read-only.
[root@localhost ~]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs 877M 0 877M 0% /dev
tmpfs 896M 0 896M 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 896M 8.7M 887M 1% /run
tmpfs 896M 0 896M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/mapper/rhel-root 17G 1.7G 16G 10% /
/dev/sda1 1014M 212M 803M 21% /boot
tmpfs 180M 0 180M 0% /run/user/0
/dev/sr0 11G 11G 0 100% /mnt
[root@localhost ~]# cd /etc/yum.repos.d/
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# ls
redhat.repo
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# vi yyqx.repo
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# cat yyqx.repo
[BaseOS]
name=baseos
baseurl=file:///mnt/BaseOS
gpgcheck=0
enabled=1
[AppStream]
name=appstream
baseurl=file:///mnt/AppStream
gpgcheck=0
enabled=1
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# dnf clean all
安装podman
[root@localhost ~]# dnf list all|grep podman
cockpit-podman.noarch 33-1.module+el8.5.0+12582+56d94c81 AppStream
pcp-pmda-podman.x86_64 5.3.1-5.el8 AppStream
podman.x86_64 3.3.1-9.module+el8.5.0+12697+018f24d7 AppStream
podman-catatonit.x86_64 3.3.1-9.module+el8.5.0+12697+018f24d7 AppStream
podman-docker.noarch 3.3.1-9.module+el8.5.0+12697+018f24d7 AppStream
podman-gvproxy.x86_64 3.3.1-9.module+el8.5.0+12697+018f24d7 AppStream
podman-plugins.x86_64 3.3.1-9.module+el8.5.0+12697+018f24d7 AppStream
podman-remote.x86_64 3.3.1-9.module+el8.5.0+12697+018f24d7 AppStream
podman-tests.x86_64 3.3.1-9.module+el8.5.0+12697+018f24d7 AppStream
python3-podman.noarch 3.2.0-2.module+el8.5.0+12582+56d94c81 AppStream
[root@localhost ~]# yum -y install podman
[root@localhost ~]# which podman
/usr/bin/podman
配置加速器
[root@localhost ~]# cd /etc/containers/
[root@localhost containers]# ls
certs.d policy.json registries.conf.d storage.conf
oci registries.conf registries.d
[root@localhost containers]# vim registries.conf
#unqualified-search-registries = ["registry.fedoraproject.org","registry.access.redhat.com", "registry.centos.org", "docker.io"] //注释
unqualified-search-registries = ["docker.io"]
[[registry]]
prefix = "docker.io"
location = "bxrtqrie.mirror.aliyuncs.com"
[root@localhost containers]# podman info //查看是否配置成功
...
registries:
docker.io:
Blocked: false
Insecure: false
Location: bxrtqrie.mirror.aliyuncs.com
MirrorByDigestOnly: false
Mirrors: null
Prefix: docker.io
search:
- docker.io
...
运行容器
[root@localhost ~]# podman run -d --name web -p 80:80 httpd
3ab673e0e8aed9eeb334901708f46a968202271f00056ed0848020b238bf31c8
查看正在运行的容器
[root@localhost ~]# podman ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
3ab673e0e8ae docker.io/library/httpd:latest httpd-foreground 6 seconds ago Up 6 seconds ago 0.0.0.0:80->80/tcp web
查看镜像
[root@localhost ~]# podman images
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE
docker.io/library/httpd latest dabbfbe0c57b 4 months ago 148 MB
列出所有容器
[root@localhost ~]# podman ps -a
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
3ab673e0e8ae docker.io/library/httpd:latest httpd-foreground 15 minutes ago Up 15 minutes ago 0.0.0.0:80->80/tcp web
查看最近一个容器的ip地址
[root@localhost ~]# podman inspect -l | grep IPAddress
"IPAddress": "10.88.0.2",
"IPAddress": "10.88.0.2",
[root@localhost ~]# curl 10.88.0.2 //可以访问
<html><body><h1>It works!</h1></body></html>
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查看最近一个容器的日志
[root@localhost ~]# podman logs --latest //最近的
AH00558: httpd: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using 10.88.0.2. Set the 'ServerName' directive globally to suppress this message
AH00558: httpd: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using 10.88.0.2. Set the 'ServerName' directive globally to suppress this message
[Mon May 09 13:52:44.959331 2022] [mpm_event:notice] [pid 1:tid 140213465468224] AH00489: Apache/2.4.52 (Unix) configured -- resuming normal operations
[Mon May 09 13:52:44.959588 2022] [core:notice] [pid 1:tid 140213465468224] AH00094: Command line: 'httpd -D FOREGROUND'
192.168.50.1 - - [09/May/2022:13:54:41 +0000] "GET /favicon.ico HTTP/1.1" 404 196
192.168.50.1 - - [09/May/2022:13:54:49 +0000] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 45
192.168.50.1 - - [09/May/2022:13:54:57 +0000] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 304 -
192.168.50.1 - - [09/May/2022:13:54:59 +0000] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 304 -
192.168.50.1 - - [09/May/2022:13:55:49 +0000] "-" 408 -
10.88.0.1 - - [09/May/2022:14:03:57 +0000] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 45
192.168.50.1 - - [09/May/2022:14:17:06 +0000] "-" 408 -
192.168.50.1 - - [09/May/2022:14:17:06 +0000] "-" 408 -
删除最近一个容器
[root@localhost ~]# podman rm -f -l
3ab673e0e8aed9eeb334901708f46a968202271f00056ed0848020b238bf31c8
[root@localhost ~]# podman ps -a
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
查看进程查看一个运行容器中的进程资源使用情况
[root@localhost ~]# podman ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
39142c21904a docker.io/library/httpd:latest httpd-foreground 18 seconds ago Up 18 seconds ago 0.0.0.0:8080->80/tcp web
[root@localhost ~]# podman top web //一个进程跑多个线程
USER PID PPID %CPU ELAPSED TTY TIME COMMAND
root 1 0 0.000 20.710741094s ? 0s httpd -DFOREGROUND
www-data 7 1 0.000 20.710903809s ? 0s httpd -DFOREGROUND
www-data 8 1 0.000 20.710955906s ? 0s httpd -DFOREGROUND
www-data 9 1 0.000 20.711013374s ? 0s httpd -DFOREGROUND
停止一个运行中的容器
[root@localhost ~]# podman stop web
web
[root@localhost ~]# podman ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
删除一个容器
[root@localhost ~]# podman ps -a
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
39142c21904a docker.io/library/httpd:latest httpd-foreground 5 minutes ago Exited (0) 56 seconds ago 0.0.0.0:8080->80/tcp web
[root@localhost ~]# podman rm -f web
39142c21904a05a7560f223c5c7df9a04023ee9501c587d97f904f70d7641793
[root@localhost ~]# podman ps -a
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
用podmanfile制作镜像
root@localhost ~]# podman pull busybox //拉镜像
Resolved "busybox" as an alias (/etc/containers/registries.conf.d/000-shortnames.conf)
Trying to pull docker.io/library/busybox:latest...
Getting image source signatures
Copying blob 5cc84ad355aa done
Copying config beae173cca done
Writing manifest to image destination
Storing signatures
beae173ccac6ad749f76713cf4440fe3d21d1043fe616dfbe30775815d1d0f6a
[root@localhost ~]# podman images
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE
docker.io/library/busybox latest beae173ccac6 4 months ago 1.46 MB
docker.io/library/httpd latest dabbfbe0c57b 4 months ago 148 MB
[root@localhost ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir test
[root@localhost ~]# cd test/
[root@localhost test]# vim Podmanfile
[root@localhost test]# vim Podmanfile
[root@localhost test]# cat Podmanfile
FROM busybox
ENV a 10
//当文件名不是dockerfile时用-f指定文件名
[root@localhost test]# podman build -f Podmanfile -t test:v01 .
STEP 1/2: FROM busybox
STEP 2/2: ENV a 10
COMMIT test:v01
--> 08416526713
Successfully tagged localhost/test:v01
08416526713cc1ffb2cf235a60eba89690f28cd23adeff93252cf0105b589e3c
[root@localhost test]podman run -it test:v01 /bin/sh
/ # echo $a
10
上传镜像
修改镜像名
[root@localhost ~]# podman images
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE
localhost/test v01 157fe36e560a 13 seconds ago 1.46 MB
docker.io/library/busybox latest beae173ccac6 4 months ago 1.46 MB
docker.io/library/httpd latest dabbfbe0c57b 4 months ago 148 MB
[root@localhost ~]# podman tag localhost/test:v01 docker.io/yyqxyyds/busybox:v01
[root@localhost ~]# podman images
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE
localhost/test v01 157fe36e560a 48 seconds ago 1.46 MB
docker.io/yyqxyyds/busybox v01 157fe36e560a 48 seconds ago 1.46 MB
docker.io/library/busybox latest beae173ccac6 4 months ago 1.46 MB
docker.io/library/httpd latest dabbfbe0c57b 4 months ago 148 MB
登录官方仓库上传镜像
[root@localhost ~]# podman login docker.io
Username: yyqxyyds
Password:
Login Succeeded!
[root@localhost ~]# podman images
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE
localhost/test v01 157fe36e560a 4 minutes ago 1.46 MB
docker.io/yyqxyyds/busybox v01 157fe36e560a 4 minutes ago 1.46 MB
docker.io/library/busybox latest beae173ccac6 4 months ago 1.46 MB
docker.io/library/httpd latest dabbfbe0c57b 4 months ago 148 MB
[root@localhost ~]# podman push docker.io/yyqxyyds/busybox:v01
Getting image source signatures
Copying blob 01fd6df81c8e done
Copying config 157fe36e56 done
Writing manifest to image destination
Storing signatures
登录到官方仓库查看
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[root@localhost ~]# podman inspect docker.io/yyqxyyds/busybox:v01
[
{
"Id": "157fe36e560aaabc2ce2d1878e7b83a2eeb69b1551d365f2401f5eaed05120dc",
"Digest": "sha256:2cc3f1edf4b7097e8270d4ea52e0f9e8ce2a51f71eefe86656697d6e5405035c",
"RepoTags": [
"localhost/test:v01",
"docker.io/yyqxyyds/busybox:v01"
],
...
设置别名
如果习惯了使用 Docker 命令,可以直接给 Podman 配置一个别名来实现无缝转移
[root@localhost ~]# alias docker='podman'
[root@localhost ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE
localhost/test v01 157fe36e560a 14 minutes ago 1.46 MB
docker.io/yyqxyyds/busybox v01 157fe36e560a 14 minutes ago 1.46 MB
docker.io/library/busybox latest beae173ccac6 4 months ago 1.46 MB
docker.io/library/httpd latest dabbfbe0c57b 4 months ago 148 MB
用户操作
在允许没有root特权的用户运行Podman之前,管理员必须安装或构建Podman并完成以下配置
cgroup V2Linux内核功能允许用户限制普通用户容器可以使用的资源,如果使用cgroupV2启用了运行Podman的Linux发行版,则可能需要更改默认的OCI运行时。某些较旧的版本runc不适用于cgroupV2,必须切换到备用OCI运行时crun。
[root@localhost ~]# dnf list all|grep crun
crun.x86_64 1.0-1.module+el8.5.0+12582+56d94c81 AppStream
[root@localhost ~]# dnf -y install crun
[root@localhost ~]# cd /usr/share/containers/
[root@localhost containers]# ls
containers.conf mounts.conf seccomp.json selinux
[root@localhost containers]# vim containers.conf
runtime = "crun" //取消注释
#runtime = "runc" //注释
[root@localhost ~]# podman run -d httpd
cc2a14f34b0018e346990013cbf6d68e93e63853316748f5f564820edcb48007
[root@localhost ~]# podman inspect -l|grep -i runtime //查看是否生效
"OCIRuntime": "crun",
"--runtime",
"Runtime": "oci",
"CpuRealtimeRuntime": 0,
安装slirp4netns和fuse-overlayfs
在普通用户环境中使用Podman时,建议使用fuse-overlayfs而不是VFS(virtual file system 虚拟文件系统)文件系统,至少需要版本0.7.6。现在新版本默认就是了。
[root@localhost ~]# dnf -y install slirp4netns
[root@localhost ~]# dnf -y install fuse-overlayfs
[root@localhost ~]# cd /etc/containers/
[root@localhost containers]# ls
certs.d policy.json registries.conf.d storage.conf
oci registries.conf registries.d
[root@localhost containers]# vim storage.conf
mount_program = "/usr/bin/fuse-overlayfs" //取消注释
/ etc / subuid和/ etc / subgid配置
Podman要求运行它的用户在/ etc / subuid和/ etc / subgid文件中列出一系列UID,shadow-utils或newuid包提供这些文件
[root@localhost containers]# dnf list all|grep shadow
shadow-utils.x86_64 2:4.6-14.el8 @anaconda
[root@localhost containers]# rpm -qa|grep shadow
shadow-utils-4.6-14.el8.x86_64
可以在/ etc / subuid和/ etc / subgid查看,每个用户的值必须唯一且没有任何重叠。
[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/subuid
[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/subgid
[root@localhost ~]# useradd yyqx
[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/subuid
yyqx:100000:65536
[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/subgid
yyqx:100000:65536
// 启动非特权ping
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/sysctl.conf //永久生效
net.ipv4.ping_group_range=0 200000 //大于100000这个就表示tom可以操作podman
[root@localhost ~]# sysctl -p //立即生效
net.ipv4.ping_group_range = 0 200000
这个文件的格式是 USERNAME:UID:RANGE中/etc/passwd或输出中列出的用户名getpwent。
该usermod程序可用于为用户分配 UID 和 GID,而不是直接更新文件。
[root@localhost ~]# usermod --add-subuids 200000-201000 --add-subgids 200000-201000 yyqx1
[root@localhost ~]# grep yyqx1 /etc/subuid /etc/subgid
/etc/subuid:yyqx1:165536:65536
/etc/subgid:yyqx1:165536:65536
用户配置文件
三个主要的配置文件是container.conf、storage.conf和registries.conf。用户可以根据需要修改这些文件。
container.conf
// 用户配置文件
[root@localhost ~]# cat /usr/share/containers/containers.conf
[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/containers/containers.conf
[root@localhost ~]# cat ~/.config/containers/containers.conf //优先级最高
如果它们以该顺序存在。每个文件都可以覆盖特定字段的前一个文件。(当要修改的东西是同一个时优先级高的生效)
配置storage.conf文件
1./etc/containers/storage.conf
2.$HOME/.config/containers/storage.conf
在普通用户中**/etc/containers/storage.conf**的一些字段将被忽略
[root@localhost ~]# vi /etc/containers/storage.conf
[storage]
# Default Storage Driver, Must be set for proper operation.
driver = "overlay" //此处改为overlay
.......
mount_program = "/usr/bin/fuse-overlayfs" //取消注释
如果版本为8以下,则需要做以下操作:
[root@localhost ~]# sysctl user.max_user_namespaces=15000 //临时
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/sysctl.conf //永久生效
net.ipv4.ping_group_range=0 200000
user.max_user_namespaces=15000
[root@localhost ~]# sysctl -p
net.ipv4.ping_group_range = 0 200000
user.max_user_namespaces = 15000
在普通用户中这些字段默认
graphroot="$HOME/.local/share/containers/storage"
runroot="$XDG_RUNTIME_DIR/containers"
registries.conf
配置按此顺序读入,这些文件不是默认创建的,可以从**/usr/share/containers或复制文件/etc/containers**并进行修改。
1./etc/containers/registries.conf
2./etc/containers/registries.d/*
3.HOME/.config/containers/registries.conf
授权文件
此文件里面写了docker账号的密码,以加密方式显示
[root@localhost ~]# podman login
Username: yyqxyyds
Password:
Login Succeeded!
[root@localhost ~]# cat /run/user/0/containers/auth.json
{
"auths": {
"docker.io": {
"auth": "eXlxeHl5ZHM6d2oxMjM0NTY3OA=="
}
}
普通用户是无法看见root用户的镜像的,root用户也不能看到普通用户的镜像
//root用户
[root@localhost ~]# podman images
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE
localhost/test v01 157fe36e560a 2 hours ago 1.46 MB
docker.io/yyqxyyds/busybox v01 157fe36e560a 2 hours ago 1.46 MB
docker.io/library/busybox latest beae173ccac6 4 months ago 1.46 MB
docker.io/library/httpd latest dabbfbe0c57b 4 months ago 148 MB
//普通用户
[yyqx@localhost ~]$ podman images
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE
[yyqx@localhost ~]$ podman pull busybox
Resolved "busybox" as an alias (/etc/containers/registries.conf.d/000-shortnames.conf)
Trying to pull docker.io/library/busybox:latest...
Getting image source signatures
Copying blob 5cc84ad355aa done
Copying config beae173cca done
Writing manifest to image destination
Storing signatures
beae173ccac6ad749f76713cf4440fe3d21d1043fe616dfbe30775815d1d0f6a
[yyqx@localhost ~]$ podman images
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE
docker.io/library/busybox latest beae173ccac6 4 months ago 1.46 MB
[yyqx@localhost ~]$ podman run -it --rm busybox /bin/sh
/ #
//root账户
[root@localhost ~]# podman ps //不能查看,每个用户只能管理自己的
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS httpd-foreground About an hour ago Up About an hour ago nostalgic_blackburn
卷
使用卷
[yyqx@localhost ~]$ mkdir data
[yyqx@localhost ~]$ ls
data
[yyqx@localhost ~]$ ll
total 0
drwxrwxr-x. 2 yyqx yyqx 6 May 10 01:30 data
[yyqx@localhost ~]$ pwd
/home/yyqx
//要加一个Z,表示放行selinux规则
[yyqx@localhost ~]$ podman run -it --rm -v "$(pwd)"/data:/data:Z busybox /bin/sh
/ # ls
bin dev home root sys usr
data etc proc run tmp var
/ # cd data/
/data # ls
/data # touch abc
/data # ls -l
total 0
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 May 9 17:42 abc
[yyqx@localhost ~]$ ll data/
total 0
-rw-r--r--. 1 yyqx yyqx 0 May 10 01:42 abc
[yyqx@localhost ~]$ echo ' hello ' > data/abc
/data # ls
abc
/data # cat abc
hello
使用普通用户映射容器端口时会报“ permission denied”的错误
[yyqx@localhost ~]$ podman run -d --name web -p 80:80 httpd
Resolving "httpd" using unqualified-search registries (/etc/containers/registries.conf)
Trying to pull docker.io/library/httpd:latest...
Getting image source signatures
Copying blob dcc4698797c8 done
Copying blob d982c879c57e done
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Writing manifest to image destination
Storing signatures
Error: rootlessport cannot expose privileged port 80, you can add 'net.ipv4.ip_unprivileged_port_start=80' to /etc/sysctl.conf (currently 1024), or choose a larger port number (>= 1024): listen tcp 0.0.0.0:80: bind: permission denied
//除了管理员以外的其他用户不能暴露特权端口号80,1024以下的是特权端口号,只有管理员能控制
[yyqx@localhost ~]$ podman run -d --name web -p 8080:80 httpd
f43dc6b181d8b877124d4c63b23f26df57e8613a741773d15caf0ca11dcf0b1c
[yyqx@localhost ~]$ podman ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
f43dc6b181d8 docker.io/library/httpd:latest httpd-foreground 13 seconds ago Up 13 seconds ago 0.0.0.0:8080->80/tcp web
如果普通用户想要使用80端口可以修改/etc/sysctl.conf文件让其生效
//需要切换到root用户修改
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/sysctl.conf
net.ipv4.ip_unprivileged_port_start=80 //添加此行
[root@localhost ~]# sysctl -p
net.ipv4.ping_group_range = 0 200000
user.max_user_namespaces = 15000
net.ipv4.ip_unprivileged_port_start = 80
//此时可以用80端口映射
[yyqx@localhost ~]$ podman run -d --name web1 -p 80:80 httpd
e45769bf0a3bb399f10b48654d6795deaea13735ed7518a79a3f3da4ca990b54
[yyqx@localhost ~]$ podman ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
e45769bf0a3b docker.io/library/httpd:latest httpd-foreground 11 seconds ago Up 11 seconds ago 0.0.0.0:80->80/tcp web1